@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ you will probably want to learn more about its position at those times.
335335
336336The simplest form in which you can generate a satellite position
337337is to call its ``at() `` method,
338- which will return an * x, y, z * position relative to the Earth’s center
338+ which will return an | xyz | position relative to the Earth’s center
339339in the Geocentric Celestial Reference System.
340340(GCRS coordinates are based on even more precise axes
341341than those of the old J2000 system.)
@@ -352,51 +352,51 @@ than those of the old J2000 system.)
352352
353353 [-3918.87650458 -1887.64838745 5209.08801512]
354354
355- Another approach is to ask which point on the Earth’s globe
356- is directly beneath the satellite,
357- using the :meth: `~skyfield.toposlib.Geoid.subpoint() ` method
358- of a standard geoid.
355+ Satellite longitude, latitude, and height
356+ -----------------------------------------
357+
358+ Once you have the geocentric satellite position computed above,
359+ you can ask for the satellite’s longitude and latitude
360+ by passing the position
361+ to the :meth: `~skyfield.toposlib.Geoid.subpoint() ` method of a standard geoid.
359362
360363.. testcode ::
361364
362365 subpoint = wgs84.subpoint(geocentric)
363366 print('Latitude:', subpoint.latitude)
364367 print('Longitude:', subpoint.longitude)
365- print('Elevation (m):', int (subpoint.elevation.m ))
368+ print('Height: {:.1f} km'.format (subpoint.elevation.km ))
366369
367370.. testoutput ::
368371
369372 Latitude: 50deg 14' 37.4"
370373 Longitude: -86deg 23' 23.3"
371- Elevation (m): 420873
374+ Height: 420.9 km
375+
376+ Satellite altitude, azimuth, and height
377+ ---------------------------------------
372378
373- Finally, you might be most interested
379+ You might be most interested
374380in whether the satellite is above or below the horizon
375- from your own position as an observer.
376- If you build an object to represent your latitude and longitude,
381+ from your own position as an observer,
382+ and in which direction to look for it.
383+ If you build an object to represent your latitude and longitude
384+ (as we did when we created the ``bluffton `` object above),
377385you can use vector subtraction
378386to ask “where will the satellite be *relative to * my location?”
379387
380388.. testcode ::
381389
382390 difference = satellite - bluffton
383- print(difference)
384-
385- .. testoutput ::
386-
387- Sum of 2 vectors:
388- Reversed Geodetic WGS84 latitude +40.8939 N longitude -83.8917 E elevation 0.0 m -> 399 EARTH
389- EarthSatellite 399 EARTH -> ISS (ZARYA) catalog #25544 epoch 2014-01-20 22:23:04 UTC
390391
391392Every time you call this vector sum’s ``at() `` method,
392- it will first compute the satellite’s position,
393+ it will compute the satellite’s position,
393394then your own position,
394- and finish by subtracting them.
395+ then subtract them.
395396The result will be the position of the satellite relative
396397to you as an observer.
397398If you are interested you can access this relative position
398- as *x, y, z * coordinates,
399- just as you did for the position measured from the Earth’s center:
399+ as plain |xyz | coordinates:
400400
401401.. testcode ::
402402
@@ -408,33 +408,44 @@ just as you did for the position measured from the Earth’s center:
408408 [ 331.61901192 392.18492744 1049.7597825 ]
409409
410410But the most popular approach is to ask the topocentric position
411- for its altitude and azimuth coordinates,
412- which tell you whether the satellite is above or below the horizon:
411+ for its altitude and azimuth.
412+ The altitude angle runs from 0° at the horizon
413+ to 90° directly overhead at the zenith.
414+ A negative altitude means the satellite is that many degrees below the horizon.
413415
414416.. testcode ::
415417
416- alt, az, distance = topocentric.altaz()
418+ alt, az, height = topocentric.altaz()
417419
418420 if alt.degrees > 0:
419421 print('The ISS is above the horizon')
420422
421- print(alt)
422- print(az)
423- print(int(distance.km), ' km')
423+ print('Altitude:', alt)
424+ print('Azimuth:', az)
425+ print('Height: {:.1f} km'.format(height.km) )
424426
425427.. testoutput ::
426428
427429 The ISS is above the horizon
428- 16deg 16' 32.6"
429- 350deg 15' 20.4"
430- 1168 km
430+ Altitude: 16deg 16' 32.6"
431+ Azimuth: 350deg 15' 20.4"
432+ Height: 1168.7 km
433+
434+ The azimuth is measured clockwise around the horizon,
435+ just like the degrees shown on a compass,
436+ from geographic north (0°)
437+ through east (90°), south (180°), and west (270°)
438+ before returning to the north and rolling over from 359° back to 0°.
439+
440+ Satellite right ascension and declination
441+ -----------------------------------------
431442
432443If you are interested
433444in where among the stars the satellite will be positioned,
434445then — as with any other Skyfield position object —
435- you can also ask for a right ascension and declination,
446+ you can ask for its right ascension and declination,
436447either relative to the fixed axes of the ICRF
437- or else in dynamical coordinates of the date you specify.
448+ or else in the dynamical coordinate system of the date you specify.
438449
439450.. testcode ::
440451
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