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<h1 class="post-title">CentOS-網管小筆記 : CPU Frequency Hack</h1>
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<!-- <a href='/'>Ching Tsai</a> -->
<time class="post-date" datetime="2016-03-22">22 Mar 2016</time>
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<p>基於之前比賽的需求，所以 survey 過 Linux 底下如何 ad-hoc 動態調整 CPU 頻率。在普通 consumer 硬體架構下，超頻降頻早已不是什麼稀奇的事情，不過在伺服器上並且在 Linux 下作這件事情就不是這麼常見。主要原因伺服器在設計上本來就是以穩定為主，如果你需要更高的頻率，你應該是要更換高頻率的CPU。這也為什麼 Intel Server class 的 CPU 會有這麼多型號。並且伺服器設計上就是必須要以最高效能的方式運作，不過在一些特殊的情況來說，有時候最高頻率的並不是最 efficiency 使用電源。闢如你有大量的 CPU core 作 Multi Agent simulation，可想像的是 Cores 大部分的時間都在 exchange 資訊，而不是作 Compute ， 所以提高頻率所增高的效率，並不有效。其實 OS 本身就已經自動調整頻率的功能，但這對於我來說並不足夠，因為調整等於是 unpredictable 是個 black box。由於當時比賽需要很精準的控制電量，並且確保所有程式都可在最有效的情況輸出，就需要有能手動控制頻率的技術。</p>
<ul>
<li>以下教學並不會為損壞你的設備負責，請確認自己了解以下指令的風險在繼續。</li>
<li>以下這些指令都是 Linux 內建的，不過你會需要 root 權限。</li>
<li>以下教學只適用於 Intel CPU</li>
</ul>
<h4>Know Your Equipment</h4>
<p>首先必須了解自己的 CPU 型號，可以用下</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">cat</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">proc</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpuinfo</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">grep</span> <span class="s">'model name'</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Intel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">R</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">Xeon</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">R</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">CPU</span> <span class="n">E5</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2690</span> <span class="n">v3</span> <span class="err">@</span> <span class="mf">2.60</span><span class="n">GHz</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>適用於以下的指令的最少會需要 v1 以後的CPU ，也就是 <code>Sandy Bridge-EP</code> 以後的。</p>
<h4>ACPI modules</h4>
<p>再來我們要打入 ACPI 的 Kernel Modules，ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) 提供Kernel 可以更 fine-grain 控制硬體電源，以及更精準的讀數。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-perl" data-lang="perl"><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">modprobe</span> <span class="n">acpi</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">cpufreq</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>若有以下資訊，有可能已經載入相對應的 Modules 。
```perl</p>
<blockquote>
<p>modprobe: ERROR: could not insert 'acpi_cpufreq': Device or resource busy
```</p>
</blockquote>
<h4>CPU Frequency Control</h4>
<p>再來我們可以了解我們可以用的頻率有哪些</p>
<p>先到以下位址</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">cd</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">devices</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">system</span>
<span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ls</span>
<span class="n">cpu0</span> <span class="n">cpu12</span> <span class="n">cpu16</span> <span class="n">cpu2</span> <span class="n">cpu23</span> <span class="n">cpu27</span> <span class="n">cpu30</span> <span class="n">cpu34</span> <span class="n">cpu38</span> <span class="n">cpu41</span> <span class="n">cpu45</span> <span class="n">cpu6</span> <span class="n">cpuidle</span> <span class="n">modalias</span> <span class="n">power</span> <span class="n">cpu1</span> <span class="n">cpu13</span> <span class="n">cpu17</span> <span class="n">cpu20</span> <span class="n">cpu24</span> <span class="n">cpu28</span> <span class="n">cpu31</span> <span class="n">cpu35</span> <span class="n">cpu39</span> <span class="n">cpu42</span> <span class="n">cpu46</span> <span class="n">cpu7</span> <span class="n">intel_pstate</span> <span class="n">offline</span> <span class="n">present</span> <span class="n">cpu10</span> <span class="n">cpu14</span> <span class="n">cpu18</span> <span class="n">cpu21</span> <span class="n">cpu25</span> <span class="n">cpu29</span> <span class="n">cpu32</span> <span class="n">cpu36</span> <span class="n">cpu4</span> <span class="n">cpu43</span> <span class="n">cpu47</span> <span class="n">cpu8</span> <span class="n">kernel_max</span> <span class="n">online</span> <span class="n">uevent</span> <span class="n">cpu11</span> <span class="n">cpu15</span> <span class="n">cpu19</span> <span class="n">cpu22</span> <span class="n">cpu26</span> <span class="n">cpu3</span> <span class="n">cpu33</span> <span class="n">cpu37</span> <span class="n">cpu40</span> <span class="n">cpu44</span> <span class="n">cpu5</span> <span class="n">cpu9</span> <span class="n">microcode</span> <span class="n">possible</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>這裡可以看到你可以控制所有的CPU ， 這裡如果你有開啟Hyper-Threading ，可以看到 cpu 數目會變 double ，這裡我們先隨便跳一個cpu。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">cd</span> <span class="n">cpu0</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpufreq</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="o">></span> <span class="n">ls</span>
<span class="n">affected_cpus</span> <span class="n">cpuinfo_max_freq</span> <span class="n">cpuinfo_transition_latency</span> <span class="n">scaling_available_governors</span> <span class="n">scaling_governor</span> <span class="n">scaling_min_freq</span> <span class="n">cpuinfo_cur_freq</span> <span class="n">cpuinfo_min_freq</span> <span class="n">related_cpus</span> <span class="n">scaling_driver</span> <span class="n">scaling_max_freq</span> <span class="n">scaling_setspeed</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>幾個東西可查看</p>
<ul>
<li><code>cpuinfo_min_freq</code> : CPU 可以調整的最低頻率</li>
<li><code>cpuinfo_max_freq</code> : CPU 可以調整的最高頻率</li>
</ul>
<p>幾個比較重要的東西可以調</p>
<ul>
<li><code>scaling_min_freq</code> : CPU 運作下的最低頻率</li>
<li><code>scaling_max_freq</code> : CPU 運作下的最高頻率</li>
</ul>
<p>所以你可以藉由調整的上述兩個 upper bound 和 lower bound ，來設定 CPU 頻率的運作時候的範圍調法如下</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">echo</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="err">欲調整的頻率</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">devices</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpu</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpu0</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpufreq</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">scaling_min_freq</span>
<span class="n">example</span> <span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">></span> <span class="n">echo</span> <span class="mi">2000000</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">devices</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpu</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpu0</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">cpufreq</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">scaling_min_freq</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>輸完後可以再 <code>cat</code> 一次來確認修改完成。</p>
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<h2>抹茶千層派試作</h2>
<p>終於有時間可以發一篇關於food的post了，我很喜歡看youtube來學料理，所以這一篇也不例外，由於在嘗試網路上的食譜的時候，往往都會遇到食譜所寫的和實際操作有落差，而這一篇主要是分享我嘗試食譜的過程心得，以及一些改進的想，希望可以幫到那些想要嘗試同一份食譜的人，也因此需要詳細教學以及食譜的可以到[這裡][1] ```java 派皮 ： - 低筋麵粉 240 g - 雞蛋 4 個 - 牛奶 650...</p>
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<h2>CentOS 網管小筆記 : 凍結帳號及強制登出</h2>
<p>以前曾經管理一個 8 node 的 cluster 一段時間，而當時有個需求就是再某一段時間要對整個 cluster 作封測，由於當時 cluster 有外借一個帳號給別人，所以就會擔心再封得時候其他人跑進來玩耍，這樣封測的結果就不準了。但是如果直接刪除帳號到時候再開給他，顯得麻煩，於是就 survey 了一下如何凍結帳號，最好是可以凍結後時間到了就會自動解鎖，設定完後就不用煩惱。 以下的這些指令都是 Linux 內建的，不過你會需要...</p>
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