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# Georeferencing language maps
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# Georeferencing a language map
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This tutorial walks you through the process of georeferencing a language map provided as a raster image in QGIS, an open-source geographic information system (GIS). Georeferencing assigns geographic coordinates to the map, enabling it to be accurately located and displayed in a GIS.
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## Requirements
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**Software**: [QGIS](https://qgis.org) is a free and open-source GIS. This tutorial uses version **QGIS 3.34.4-Prizren**.
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### Requirements
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**Software**: [QGIS](https://qgis.org) is a free and open-source GIS. This tutorial uses version QGIS 3.34.4-Prizren.
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**Data**: A map in raster image format (e.g., JPG, TIFF, or PNG). In this tutorial, we will georeference a map of the Alor-Pantar languages in Indonesia from Schapper (2020), *Introduction to the Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor, and Pantar*. The map is available as a JPG raster image [here](images/map3papuan.jpg).
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</figure>
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## Adding a basemap
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Before we can georeference the Alor-Pantar map, we first open a basemap in QGIS. The basemap serves as a reference for accurately aligning the language map. To do this, go to `HCMGIS > Basemaps > Vector tiles > Carto Basic` to add the **Carto Basic** basemap from the **HCMGIS** plugin. **Carto Basic** is a clean, visually neutral basemap that uses data from **OpenStreetMap**.
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### Adding a basemap
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Before we can georeference the Alor-Pantar map, we first open a basemap in QGIS. The basemap serves as a reference for accurately aligning the language map. To do this, go to `HCMGIS > Basemaps > Vector tiles > Carto Basic` to add the **Carto Basic** basemap from the **HCMGIS** plugin. **Carto Basic** is a clean, visually neutral basemap that uses data from OpenStreetMap.
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<figure>
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<img src="images/hcmgis_basemap.png" alt="Adding th Carto Basic basemap in QGIS" width="800" />
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The **HCMGIS** plugin provides quick access to a wide range of ready-to-use basemaps, including OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, and satellite imagery. If the plugin is not already installed, you’ll need to [install it](https://mapscaping.com/hcmgis-plugin-in-qgis/).
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## The Georeferencer plugin
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### The Georeferencer plugin
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Now we can use the **Georeferencer** plugin to align the Alor-Pantar map with the basemap. To open the plugin, go to `Layer > Georeferencer...`. The **Georeferencer** window will appear.
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## Setting the ground control points
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### Setting the ground control points
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The top tile now shows the Alor Pantar map. To begin georeferencing, click the `Add Point` icon.
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## Perform the georeferencing
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### Perform the georeferencing
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Once you have placed a sufficient number of ground control points to accurately anchor your language map to the real-world coordinates of the basemap, you can proceed to run the georeferencing. Click on the **`Transformation Settings`** icon in the toolbar.
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- **`Resampling Method`**: Choose how pixel values will be interpolated during the transformation.
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Since we will use the georeferenced map only for digitising polygons, we can use **Nearest Neighbor** resampling. This is the simplest and fastest method and it preserves the original pixel values.
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## Start the Georeferencing
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### Start the Georeferencing
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Finally, click the **`Start Georeferencing`** icon to begin aligning the language map with the basemap.
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We can now proceed to digitise the language polygons from the georeferenced map. This process will be covered in the next tutorial.
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## Output
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### Output
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A georeferenced map in GeoTIFF format: GeoTIFF is a standard raster format that stores both the image and its geographic reference information. The Alor-Pantar languages map, georeferenced in this tutorial, can be downloaded [here](out/Map%203%20The%20Alor-Pantar%20languages.tiff).
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## References
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### References
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Schapper, Antoinette. 2020. *Introduction to The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar*. In Antoinette Schapper (ed.), *The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 3*, pp. 1–52. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501511158-001](https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501511158-001)

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