samples.md

title	.NET Client Library Samples for Azure DevOps
description	Learn how to extend and integrate with Azure DevOps by using C# samples with modern authentication and best practices.
ms.assetid	9ff78e9c-63f7-45b1-a70d-42aa6a9dbc57
ms.subservice	azure-devops-ecosystem
ms.custom	devx-track-dotnet
ai-usage	ai-assisted
ms.topic	concept-article
monikerRange	<= azure-devops
ms.author	chcomley
author	chcomley
ms.date	07/14/2025

.NET client library samples for Azure DevOps

[!INCLUDE version-lt-eq-azure-devops]

Learn how to extend and integrate with Azure DevOps using the .NET client libraries with modern authentication methods and secure coding practices.

Prerequisites

Required NuGet packages:

• Microsoft.TeamFoundationServer.Client - Core Azure DevOps APIs
• Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.Client - Connection and authentication
• Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.InteractiveClient - Interactive authentication flows

Authentication recommendations:

• Azure-hosted applications: Use managed identities
• CI/CD pipelines: Use service principals
• Interactive applications: Use Microsoft Entra authentication
• Legacy scenarios only: Use personal access tokens

Important

This article shows multiple authentication methods for different scenarios. Choose the most appropriate method based on your deployment environment and security requirements.

Core connection and work item example

This comprehensive example demonstrates best practices for connecting to Azure DevOps and working with work items:

using Microsoft.TeamFoundation.WorkItemTracking.WebApi;
using Microsoft.TeamFoundation.WorkItemTracking.WebApi.Models;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.Client;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.Common;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

/// <summary>
/// Demonstrates secure Azure DevOps integration with proper error handling and resource management
/// </summary>
public class AzureDevOpsService
{
    private readonly VssConnection _connection;
    private readonly WorkItemTrackingHttpClient _witClient;

    public AzureDevOpsService(string organizationUrl, VssCredentials credentials)
    {
        // Create connection with proper credential management
        _connection = new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
        
        // Get work item tracking client (reused for efficiency)
        _witClient = _connection.GetClient<WorkItemTrackingHttpClient>();
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a work item query, executes it, and returns results with proper error handling
    /// </summary>
    public async Task<IEnumerable<WorkItem>> GetNewBugsAsync(string projectName)
    {
        try
        {
            // Get query hierarchy with proper depth control
            var queryHierarchyItems = await _witClient.GetQueriesAsync(projectName, depth: 2);

            // Find 'My Queries' folder using safe navigation
            var myQueriesFolder = queryHierarchyItems
                .FirstOrDefault(qhi => qhi.Name.Equals("My Queries", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

            if (myQueriesFolder == null)
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("'My Queries' folder not found in project.");
            }

            const string queryName = "New Bugs Query";
            
            // Check if query already exists
            var existingQuery = myQueriesFolder.Children?
                .FirstOrDefault(qhi => qhi.Name.Equals(queryName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

            QueryHierarchyItem query;
            if (existingQuery == null)
            {
                // Create new query with proper WIQL
                query = new QueryHierarchyItem
                {
                    Name = queryName,
                    Wiql = @"
                        SELECT [System.Id], [System.WorkItemType], [System.Title], 
                               [System.AssignedTo], [System.State], [System.Tags] 
                        FROM WorkItems 
                        WHERE [System.TeamProject] = @project 
                          AND [System.WorkItemType] = 'Bug' 
                          AND [System.State] = 'New'
                        ORDER BY [System.CreatedDate] DESC",
                    IsFolder = false
                };
                
                query = await _witClient.CreateQueryAsync(query, projectName, myQueriesFolder.Name);
            }
            else
            {
                query = existingQuery;
            }

            // Execute query and get results
            var queryResult = await _witClient.QueryByIdAsync(query.Id);
            
            if (!queryResult.WorkItems.Any())
            {
                return Enumerable.Empty<WorkItem>();
            }

            // Batch process work items for efficiency
            const int batchSize = 100;
            var allWorkItems = new List<WorkItem>();
            
            for (int skip = 0; skip < queryResult.WorkItems.Count(); skip += batchSize)
            {
                var batch = queryResult.WorkItems.Skip(skip).Take(batchSize);
                var workItemIds = batch.Select(wir => wir.Id).ToArray();
                
                // Get detailed work item information
                var workItems = await _witClient.GetWorkItemsAsync(
                    ids: workItemIds,
                    fields: new[] { "System.Id", "System.Title", "System.State", 
                                   "System.AssignedTo", "System.CreatedDate" });
                
                allWorkItems.AddRange(workItems);
            }

            return allWorkItems;
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            // Log error appropriately in real applications
            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to retrieve work items: {ex.Message}", ex);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Properly dispose of resources
    /// </summary>
    public void Dispose()
    {
        _witClient?.Dispose();
        _connection?.Dispose();
    }
}

Authentication methods

Microsoft Entra authentication (Recommended)

For applications that support interactive authentication or have Microsoft Entra tokens:

using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.Client;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.Common;

/// <summary>
/// Authenticate using Microsoft Entra ID credentials
/// Recommended for interactive applications and modern authentication scenarios
/// </summary>
public static VssConnection CreateEntraConnection(string organizationUrl, string accessToken)
{
    // Use Microsoft Entra access token for authentication
    var credentials = new VssOAuthAccessTokenCredential(accessToken);
    return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
}

/// <summary>
/// For username/password scenarios (less secure, avoid when possible)
/// </summary>
public static VssConnection CreateEntraUsernameConnection(string organizationUrl, string username, string password)
{
    var credentials = new VssAadCredential(username, password);
    return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
}

Service principal authentication

For automated scenarios and CI/CD pipelines:

using Microsoft.Identity.Client;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.Client;

/// <summary>
/// Authenticate using service principal with certificate (most secure)
/// Recommended for production automation scenarios
/// </summary>
public static async Task<VssConnection> CreateServicePrincipalConnectionAsync(
    string organizationUrl, 
    string clientId, 
    string tenantId, 
    X509Certificate2 certificate)
{
    try
    {
        // Create confidential client application with certificate
        var app = ConfidentialClientApplicationBuilder
            .Create(clientId)
            .WithCertificate(certificate)
            .WithAuthority(new Uri($"https://login.microsoftonline.com/{tenantId}"))
            .Build();

        // Acquire token for Azure DevOps
        var result = await app
            .AcquireTokenForClient(new[] { "https://app.vssps.visualstudio.com/.default" })
            .ExecuteAsync();

        // Create connection with acquired token
        var credentials = new VssOAuthAccessTokenCredential(result.AccessToken);
        return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        throw new AuthenticationException($"Failed to authenticate service principal: {ex.Message}", ex);
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Service principal with client secret (less secure than certificate)
/// </summary>
public static async Task<VssConnection> CreateServicePrincipalSecretConnectionAsync(
    string organizationUrl,
    string clientId,
    string tenantId,
    string clientSecret)
{
    var app = ConfidentialClientApplicationBuilder
        .Create(clientId)
        .WithClientSecret(clientSecret)
        .WithAuthority(new Uri($"https://login.microsoftonline.com/{tenantId}"))
        .Build();

    var result = await app
        .AcquireTokenForClient(new[] { "https://app.vssps.visualstudio.com/.default" })
        .ExecuteAsync();

    var credentials = new VssOAuthAccessTokenCredential(result.AccessToken);
    return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
}

Managed identity authentication

For Azure-hosted applications (recommended for cloud scenarios):

using Azure.Identity;
using Azure.Core;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Services.Client;

/// <summary>
/// Authenticate using managed identity (most secure for Azure-hosted apps)
/// No credentials to manage - Azure handles everything automatically
/// </summary>
public static async Task<VssConnection> CreateManagedIdentityConnectionAsync(string organizationUrl)
{
    try
    {
        // Use system-assigned managed identity
        var credential = new ManagedIdentityCredential();
        
        // Acquire token for Azure DevOps
        var tokenRequest = new TokenRequestContext(new[] { "https://app.vssps.visualstudio.com/.default" });
        var tokenResponse = await credential.GetTokenAsync(tokenRequest);

        // Create connection with managed identity token
        var credentials = new VssOAuthAccessTokenCredential(tokenResponse.Token);
        return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        throw new AuthenticationException($"Failed to authenticate with managed identity: {ex.Message}", ex);
    }
}

/// <summary>
/// Use user-assigned managed identity with specific client ID
/// </summary>
public static async Task<VssConnection> CreateUserAssignedManagedIdentityConnectionAsync(
    string organizationUrl, 
    string managedIdentityClientId)
{
    var credential = new ManagedIdentityCredential(managedIdentityClientId);
    var tokenRequest = new TokenRequestContext(new[] { "https://app.vssps.visualstudio.com/.default" });
    var tokenResponse = await credential.GetTokenAsync(tokenRequest);

    var credentials = new VssOAuthAccessTokenCredential(tokenResponse.Token);
    return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
}

Interactive authentication (.NET Framework only)

For desktop applications requiring user sign-in:

/// <summary>
/// Interactive authentication with Visual Studio sign-in prompt
/// .NET Framework only - not supported in .NET Core/.NET 5+
/// </summary>
public static VssConnection CreateInteractiveConnection(string organizationUrl)
{
    var credentials = new VssClientCredentials();
    return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
}

Personal access token authentication (Legacy)

Warning

Personal access tokens are being deprecated. Use modern authentication methods instead. See Authentication guidance for migration options.

/// <summary>
/// Personal Access Token authentication (legacy - use modern auth instead)
/// Only use for migration scenarios or when modern auth isn't available
/// </summary>
public static VssConnection CreatePATConnection(string organizationUrl, string personalAccessToken)
{
    var credentials = new VssBasicCredential(string.Empty, personalAccessToken);
    return new VssConnection(new Uri(organizationUrl), credentials);
}

Complete usage examples

Azure Function with managed identity

using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

public class AzureDevOpsFunction
{
    private readonly ILogger<AzureDevOpsFunction> _logger;

    public AzureDevOpsFunction(ILogger<AzureDevOpsFunction> logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }

    [Function("ProcessWorkItems")]
    public async Task<string> ProcessWorkItems(
        [TimerTrigger("0 0 8 * * MON")] TimerInfo timer)
    {
        try
        {
            var organizationUrl = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_DEVOPS_ORG_URL");
            var projectName = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AZURE_DEVOPS_PROJECT");

            // Use managed identity for secure authentication
            using var connection = await CreateManagedIdentityConnectionAsync(organizationUrl);
            using var service = new AzureDevOpsService(organizationUrl, connection.Credentials);

            var workItems = await service.GetNewBugsAsync(projectName);
            
            _logger.LogInformation($"Processed {workItems.Count()} work items");
            
            return $"Successfully processed {workItems.Count()} work items";
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to process work items");
            throw;
        }
    }
}

Console application with service principal

using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

class Program
{
    static async Task Main(string[] args)
    {
        // Configure logging and configuration
        var configuration = new ConfigurationBuilder()
            .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json")
            .AddEnvironmentVariables()
            .Build();

        using var loggerFactory = LoggerFactory.Create(builder => builder.AddConsole());
        var logger = loggerFactory.CreateLogger<Program>();

        try
        {
            var settings = configuration.GetSection("AzureDevOps");
            var organizationUrl = settings["OrganizationUrl"];
            var projectName = settings["ProjectName"];
            var clientId = settings["ClientId"];
            var tenantId = settings["TenantId"];
            var clientSecret = settings["ClientSecret"]; // Better: use Key Vault

            // Authenticate with service principal
            using var connection = await CreateServicePrincipalSecretConnectionAsync(
                organizationUrl, clientId, tenantId, clientSecret);
            
            using var service = new AzureDevOpsService(organizationUrl, connection.Credentials);

            // Process work items
            var workItems = await service.GetNewBugsAsync(projectName);
            
            foreach (var workItem in workItems)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"Bug {workItem.Id}: {workItem.Fields["System.Title"]}");
            }

            logger.LogInformation($"Successfully processed {workItems.Count()} work items");
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Application failed");
            Environment.Exit(1);
        }
    }
}

Best practices

Security considerations

Credential management:

• Never hardcode credentials in source code
• Use Azure Key Vault for storing secrets
• Prefer managed identities for Azure-hosted applications
• Use certificates over client secrets for service principals
• Rotate credentials regularly following security policies

Access control:

• Apply principle of least privilege
• Use specific scopes when acquiring tokens
• Monitor and audit authentication events
• Implement conditional access policies where appropriate

Performance optimization

Connection management:

• Reuse VssConnection instances across operations
• Pool HTTP clients through the connection object
• Implement proper disposal patterns
• Configure timeouts appropriately

Batch operations:

• Process work items in batches (recommended: 100 items)
• Use parallel processing for independent operations
• Implement retry logic with exponential backoff
• Cache frequently accessed data when appropriate

Error handling

public async Task<T> ExecuteWithRetryAsync<T>(Func<Task<T>> operation, int maxRetries = 3)
{
    var retryCount = 0;
    var baseDelay = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1);

    while (retryCount < maxRetries)
    {
        try
        {
            return await operation();
        }
        catch (Exception ex) when (IsTransientError(ex) && retryCount < maxRetries - 1)
        {
            retryCount++;
            var delay = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(baseDelay.TotalMilliseconds * Math.Pow(2, retryCount));
            await Task.Delay(delay);
        }
    }

    // Final attempt without catch
    return await operation();
}

private static bool IsTransientError(Exception ex)
{
    return ex is HttpRequestException ||
           ex is TaskCanceledException ||
           (ex is VssServiceException vssEx && vssEx.HttpStatusCode >= 500);
}

Migration guidance

From PATs to modern authentication

Step 1: Assess current usage

• Identify all applications using PATs
• Determine deployment environments (Azure vs. on-premises)
• Evaluate security requirements

Step 2: Choose replacement method

• Azure-hosted: Migrate to managed identities
• CI/CD pipelines: Use service principals
• Interactive apps: Implement Microsoft Entra authentication
• Desktop apps: Consider device code flow

Step 3: Implementation

• Update authentication code using the previous examples
• Test thoroughly in development environment
• Deploy incrementally to production
• Monitor for authentication issues

For detailed migration guidance, see Replace PATs with Microsoft Entra tokens.

Related resources

• Authentication guidance for Azure DevOps
• Service principals and managed identities
• Microsoft Entra authentication
• .NET client libraries concepts
• Azure DevOps authentication samples
• Microsoft identity platform documentation