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<!doctype html>
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<title>交互式教学：从能级到激光，从结到芯片</title>
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<body>
<div class="wrap">
<header class="hero card">
<div class="left">
<h1>交互式教学：从「能级 → 反转 → 激光」到「结 → 晶体管 → 芯片」</h1>
<p>
这是把你今天给朋友讲解的一串知识点，整理成一个可互动、可练习、可复盘的网站。
你可以把它当成“记忆外置”：看图、拖动参数、做题、翻卡片，把概念从“听懂”变成“能讲”。
</p>
<div class="pillrow">
<span class="pill">原子能级 / 模态</span>
<span class="pill">粒子数反转 / 负温度</span>
<span class="pill">红宝石 / CO₂ RF / 光纤激光器</span>
<span class="pill">PN 结 / BJT / MOSFET</span>
<span class="pill">光刻 / 制程</span>
<span class="pill">4004 / 集成电路</span>
<span class="pill">霍尔电推进（选修彩蛋）</span>
</div>
<div class="btnrow">
<button class="btn good" id="btnContinue">继续上次进度</button>
<button class="btn secondary" id="btnReset">清空进度</button>
<button class="btn warn" id="btnExport">导出学习记录（JSON）</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="right">
<div class="stat">
<div class="row"><div class="k">今日目标</div><div class="v">理解 + 可复述</div></div>
<div class="row"><div class="k">学习进度</div><div class="v"><span id="pct">0%</span></div></div>
<div class="progress"><div class="bar" id="bar"></div></div>
<div class="row"><div class="k">已完成模块</div><div class="v"><span id="done">0</span>/<span id="total">7</span></div></div>
<div class="row"><div class="k">小测正确率</div><div class="v"><span id="acc">0%</span></div></div>
<div class="row"><div class="k">快捷键</div><div class="v"><span class="kbd">/</span> 搜索模块 · <span class="kbd">N</span> 下一章</div></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top:10px;" class="mini">
<h3>快速导航</h3>
<p>你也可以把本站当成“讲解脚本”，点开模块就能顺着讲。</p>
<div class="rowline" style="gap:8px;">
<input id="search" placeholder="输入关键词（如：反转 / MOSFET / 光刻）" style="flex:1; padding:10px 12px; border-radius:12px; border:1px solid var(--line); background:rgba(15,22,48,.55); color:var(--text);" />
<button class="btn" id="btnClear">清除</button>
</div>
<div class="small" style="margin-top:8px;">提示：按 <span class="kbd">/</span> 可聚焦搜索框。</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="grid" id="modules">
<!-- 1 -->
<section class="card section module" data-keywords="能级 模态 氢原子 原子模态 光谱">
<h2>1) 原子能级与“模态”：为什么会有离散谱线？</h2>
<div class="sub">把“能级离散 + 允许跃迁 + 光子能量”这三件事串起来，你就能讲清：为什么激光不是“随便发光”。</div>
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>一句话抓主线：</b><br/>
原子（或晶体中的电子态）只能占据离散能量状态；发生跃迁时释放/吸收的光子能量等于能级差，
所以谱线是离散的；而“模态”是指在系统里允许存在的稳定驻波/本征态（原子态、腔模、光纤模都可以叫模态）。
<details>
<summary>把“原子模态”和“激光纵横模”区分开</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;font-size:13px;">
• <b>原子/分子模态（能级态）</b>：微观量子态，决定“发/吸收哪个频率”。<br/>
• <b>谐振腔模态（纵模/横模）</b>：腔体允许的电磁驻波分布，决定“哪些频率/空间分布能被放大”。<br/>
激光输出 = “介质提供增益的频率范围” ∩ “腔允许的模态”。
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="能级跃迁示意图">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="g1" x1="0" y1="0" x2="1" y2="1">
<stop offset="0" stop-color="rgba(122,162,255,.85)"/>
<stop offset="1" stop-color="rgba(110,231,255,.9)"/>
</linearGradient>
<marker id="arrow" markerWidth="10" markerHeight="10" refX="6" refY="3" orient="auto">
<path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.8)"></path>
</marker>
</defs>
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<!-- energy ladder -->
<text x="36" y="46" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">能级（离散）</text>
<line x1="70" y1="70" x2="210" y2="70" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="220" y="74" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12">E3</text>
<line x1="90" y1="120" x2="230" y2="120" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="240" y="124" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12">E2</text>
<line x1="60" y1="190" x2="200" y2="190" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="210" y="194" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12">E1</text>
<text x="36" y="230" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">光子能量 hν = ΔE</text>
<!-- transitions -->
<line x1="260" y1="120" x2="260" y2="70" stroke="url(#g1)" stroke-width="4" marker-end="url(#arrow)"/>
<text x="272" y="95" fill="rgba(110,231,255,.95)" font-size="12">吸收</text>
<line x1="320" y1="70" x2="320" y2="190" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.85)" stroke-width="4" marker-end="url(#arrow)"/>
<text x="332" y="138" fill="rgba(62,230,168,.92)" font-size="12">自发/受激发射</text>
<!-- cavity modes -->
<text x="330" y="46" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">腔模态（纵/横模）</text>
<rect x="330" y="60" width="160" height="68" rx="12" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.04)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<path d="M340 94 C360 70, 390 118, 410 94 S450 70, 480 94" fill="none" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.85)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="342" y="132" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">允许的驻波分布/频率</text>
<rect x="330" y="150" width="160" height="96" rx="12" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.04)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<circle cx="382" cy="198" r="22" fill="none" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.8)" stroke-width="3"/>
<circle cx="442" cy="198" r="22" fill="none" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.55)" stroke-width="3" stroke-dasharray="6 6"/>
<text x="342" y="242" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">横模：光斑形状（TEM₀₀ 等）</text>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mini" style="margin-top:12px;">
<h3>互动：用一句话复述（自测）</h3>
<p>写下你的复述。系统会提示你是否包含关键要点。</p>
<textarea id="s1" rows="3" placeholder="例如：能级离散，跃迁放/吸收光子能量等于能级差，腔模决定哪些频率/空间分布能被放大……"
style="width:100%; padding:10px 12px; border-radius:12px; border:1px solid var(--line); background:rgba(15,22,48,.55); color:var(--text);"></textarea>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:8px;">
<button class="btn" onclick="checkSummary('s1',['离散','跃迁','能级差','光子','模态'])">检查要点</button>
<span id="s1fb" class="feedback"></span>
<button class="btn good" onclick="markDone(0)">标记本模块已掌握</button>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 2 -->
<section class="card section module" data-keywords="粒子数反转 负温度 受激辐射 激光条件">
<h2>2) 粒子数反转与“负温度”：为什么需要反转才能有激光？</h2>
<div class="sub">核心是：受激发射要“净增益”，而净增益取决于上能级与下能级的人口差。</div>
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>一句话抓主线：</b><br/>
正常热平衡下：低能级粒子更多（N1 > N2），受激吸收 ≥ 受激发射，光越走越衰减；
只有实现 <b>粒子数反转</b>（N2 > N1），才能让受激发射“多过吸收”，形成净放大。
<details>
<summary>“负温度”到底是什么意思？（概念澄清）</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6;font-size:13px;">
在某些“能量有上限”的体系里（例如两能级近似、某些自旋体系），若高能态占据概率反而更高，
用玻尔兹曼分布形式拟合会得到“有效温度为负”。这不是“比 0K 更冷”，而是“分布反转”的一种表述。
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="反转与增益示意图">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="g2" x1="0" y1="0" x2="1" y2="0">
<stop offset="0" stop-color="rgba(255,204,102,.9)"/>
<stop offset="1" stop-color="rgba(62,230,168,.9)"/>
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">两能级：人口分布 → 净增益</text>
<!-- axes -->
<line x1="60" y1="230" x2="240" y2="230" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.2)"/>
<line x1="60" y1="230" x2="60" y2="70" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.2)"/>
<text x="52" y="64" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.5)" font-size="11">人口</text>
<text x="210" y="248" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.5)" font-size="11">能级（低→高）</text>
<!-- bars: equilibrium -->
<text x="66" y="78" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.75)" font-size="12">热平衡</text>
<rect x="92" y="130" width="40" height="100" rx="8" fill="rgba(122,162,255,.35)" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.6)"/>
<rect x="152" y="170" width="40" height="60" rx="8" fill="rgba(122,162,255,.18)" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.4)"/>
<text x="96" y="248" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">N1</text>
<text x="156" y="248" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">N2</text>
<text x="280" y="78" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.75)" font-size="12">反转</text>
<rect x="302" y="165" width="40" height="65" rx="8" fill="rgba(62,230,168,.18)" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.45)"/>
<rect x="362" y="115" width="40" height="115" rx="8" fill="rgba(62,230,168,.35)" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.65)"/>
<text x="306" y="248" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">N1</text>
<text x="366" y="248" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">N2</text>
<!-- gain meter -->
<rect x="280" y="150" width="200" height="20" rx="10" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.07)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<rect id="gainbar" x="280" y="150" width="120" height="20" rx="10" fill="url(#g2)"/>
<text x="280" y="144" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">净增益（受激发射 - 吸收）</text>
<text id="gaintxt" x="410" y="164" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.8)" font-size="11">+</text>
</svg>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<label>N2 - N1</label>
<input type="range" min="-100" max="100" value="40" id="inv" />
<span class="kbd" id="invv">40</span>
<span class="small">拖动看看“净增益”如何变化</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mini" style="margin-top:12px;">
<h3>小测：为什么“反转”是激光必要条件？</h3>
<p>选一个最关键的原因。</p>
<div class="q" data-quiz="q2" data-answer="2">
<div class="opt">因为反转会让光变得更“单色”</div>
<div class="opt">因为反转使受激发射概率一定大于自发辐射</div>
<div class="opt">因为反转让受激发射多于受激吸收，从而产生净放大</div>
<div class="opt">因为反转等于把温度降到 0 K</div>
<div class="feedback" data-fb></div>
</div>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<button class="btn good" onclick="markDone(1)">标记本模块已掌握</button>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 3 -->
<section class="card section module" data-keywords="红宝石激光器 三能级 四能级 Q开关 锁模 CO2 RF 光纤激光器">
<h2>3) 三类激光器的“家族谱”：红宝石 / CO₂ RF / 光纤</h2>
<div class="sub">把它们放在一张比较表里：介质、泵浦方式、典型波长、优缺点、应用。</div>
<div class="tabs" role="tablist" aria-label="激光器家族">
<div class="tab active" data-tab="ruby">红宝石</div>
<div class="tab" data-tab="co2">CO₂ RF</div>
<div class="tab" data-tab="fiber">光纤激光器</div>
<div class="tab" data-tab="modes">纵横模 / 锁模</div>
</div>
<div id="tab-ruby" class="tabpane">
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>红宝石激光器（Ruby）</b><br/>
• 典型：<b>三能级系统</b>，阈值较高（因为下能级就是基态，人口很难“压过去”）<br/>
• 泵浦：闪光灯等光泵浦<br/>
• 特点：脉冲历史悠久，结构直观，教学示范很友好<br/>
<details><summary>一句话记忆</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
“三能级 → 难反转 → 阈值高 → 常见脉冲。”
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="红宝石三能级示意图">
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">三能级：泵浦 → 亚稳态 → 激光跃迁</text>
<line x1="80" y1="210" x2="250" y2="210" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="260" y="214" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.6)" font-size="12">E1（基态）</text>
<line x1="110" y1="140" x2="280" y2="140" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.75)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="290" y="144" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.6)" font-size="12">E2（亚稳态）</text>
<line x1="90" y1="80" x2="260" y2="80" stroke="rgba(255,204,102,.8)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="270" y="84" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.6)" font-size="12">E3（泵浦带）</text>
<defs>
<marker id="ar1" markerWidth="10" markerHeight="10" refX="6" refY="3" orient="auto">
<path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.8)"></path>
</marker>
</defs>
<line x1="320" y1="210" x2="320" y2="80" stroke="rgba(255,204,102,.85)" stroke-width="4" marker-end="url(#ar1)"/>
<text x="334" y="150" fill="rgba(255,204,102,.9)" font-size="12">泵浦</text>
<line x1="370" y1="80" x2="370" y2="140" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.4)" stroke-width="4" marker-end="url(#ar1)"/>
<text x="384" y="116" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12">快弛豫</text>
<line x1="420" y1="140" x2="420" y2="210" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.85)" stroke-width="5" marker-end="url(#ar1)"/>
<text x="434" y="182" fill="rgba(110,231,255,.9)" font-size="12">激光跃迁</text>
<rect x="60" y="230" width="420" height="26" rx="13" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.04)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="74" y="248" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">关键：E1 是基态 → 需要把大量粒子从基态抽走才能反转（阈值高）</text>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tab-co2" class="tabpane hidden">
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>CO₂ RF 激光器</b><br/>
• 介质：CO₂ 气体分子振转能级（典型 10.6 μm）<br/>
• 激励：RF 放电（射频）<br/>
• 特点：高效率、适合非金属加工/打标/切割等；气体激光器的工程系统感很强（气路、放电、谐振腔）。<br/>
<details><summary>一句话记忆</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
“气体分子 → RF 放电 → 10.6 μm → 工程系统复杂但成熟。”
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="CO2 RF 激光器结构示意图">
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">CO₂ RF：放电管 + 谐振腔 + 气体循环</text>
<rect x="60" y="90" width="400" height="90" rx="18" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.04)" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.25)"/>
<text x="74" y="120" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12">放电区（RF 电极）</text>
<line x1="90" y1="160" x2="430" y2="160" stroke="rgba(255,204,102,.7)" stroke-width="6" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<text x="74" y="178" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">增益介质：CO₂ / N₂ / He 混合气</text>
<rect x="60" y="70" width="40" height="18" rx="9" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.05)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.14)"/>
<rect x="420" y="70" width="40" height="18" rx="9" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.05)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.14)"/>
<text x="58" y="62" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">HR</text>
<text x="426" y="62" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">OC</text>
<path d="M110 79 L410 79" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.7)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="190" y="64" fill="rgba(110,231,255,.8)" font-size="11">谐振腔</text>
<path d="M120 210 C150 235, 190 235, 220 210 S290 185, 320 210 S390 235, 420 210"
fill="none" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.75)" stroke-width="3"/>
<text x="74" y="232" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">气体循环 / 冷却（工程要点）</text>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tab-fiber" class="tabpane hidden">
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>光纤激光器（Fiber）</b><br/>
• 介质：掺杂光纤（如掺镱/掺铒）<br/>
• 优点：散热好、光束质量好、易扩功率、可靠性高<br/>
• 在制造业里：常见于金属加工（切割/焊接/增材等）<br/>
<details><summary>一句话记忆</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
“光纤 = 波导 + 增益一体化 → 稳、好、易扩功率。”
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="光纤激光器结构示意图">
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">光纤：泵浦合束 → 掺杂光纤增益 → 输出</text>
<path d="M70 140 C130 90, 190 190, 250 140 S370 90, 450 140" fill="none" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.75)" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<circle cx="120" cy="120" r="10" fill="rgba(255,204,102,.85)"/>
<circle cx="180" cy="160" r="10" fill="rgba(255,204,102,.85)"/>
<circle cx="240" cy="120" r="10" fill="rgba(255,204,102,.85)"/>
<text x="80" y="214" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">黄色：泵浦（半导体激光二极管）</text>
<text x="80" y="236" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">蓝色：受激发射在波导内被约束放大</text>
<path d="M460 140 L500 140" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.85)" stroke-width="7" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<text x="420" y="120" fill="rgba(62,230,168,.9)" font-size="12">输出</text>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tab-modes" class="tabpane hidden">
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>纵模 / 横模 / 锁模（与“模态”呼应）</b><br/>
• <b>纵模</b>：谐振腔长度决定允许的离散频率间隔（模式间隔）<br/>
• <b>横模</b>：横向驻波分布，决定光斑形状与 M² 质量<br/>
• <b>锁模</b>：把很多纵模的相位锁在一起 → 时域形成超短脉冲<br/>
<details><summary>一分钟讲解模板</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
“腔像一把梳子：只允许某些频率存在（纵模）。横向边界让光斑也有本征形状（横模）。
当很多纵模相位对齐，就会在时间上叠加成短脉冲（锁模）。”
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="纵模锁模示意图">
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">频域“梳子” ↔ 时域“脉冲列”</text>
<!-- comb -->
<text x="28" y="78" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">纵模（频域）</text>
<g transform="translate(28,88)">
<rect x="0" y="0" width="220" height="70" rx="14" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.03)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<g>
<line x1="18" y1="55" x2="18" y2="18" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.8)" stroke-width="3"/>
<line x1="42" y1="55" x2="42" y2="28" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.7)" stroke-width="3"/>
<line x1="66" y1="55" x2="66" y2="22" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.85)" stroke-width="3"/>
<line x1="90" y1="55" x2="90" y2="32" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.65)" stroke-width="3"/>
<line x1="114" y1="55" x2="114" y2="20" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.8)" stroke-width="3"/>
<line x1="138" y1="55" x2="138" y2="30" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.7)" stroke-width="3"/>
<line x1="162" y1="55" x2="162" y2="24" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.85)" stroke-width="3"/>
<line x1="186" y1="55" x2="186" y2="34" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.65)" stroke-width="3"/>
</g>
<text x="12" y="66" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.45)" font-size="11">间隔由腔长决定</text>
</g>
<!-- pulses -->
<text x="280" y="78" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">锁模（时域）</text>
<g transform="translate(280,88)">
<rect x="0" y="0" width="220" height="70" rx="14" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.03)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
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<text x="12" y="66" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.45)" font-size="11">相位对齐 → 叠加成脉冲</text>
</g>
<text x="28" y="226" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">记忆钩子：频域“梳子”越宽 → 时间脉冲越短（时间-频率互补）</text>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mini" style="margin-top:12px;">
<h3>拖拽匹配：把“特点”配到“对象”</h3>
<p>点击左边一个，再点击右边一个，配对成功会变绿。</p>
<div class="match" data-match="m1"></div>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<button class="btn" onclick="resetMatch('m1')">重置配对</button>
<button class="btn good" onclick="markDone(2)">标记本模块已掌握</button>
<span class="feedback" id="m1fb"></span>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 4 -->
<section class="card section module" data-keywords="PN结 耗尽区 内建电场 二极管 太阳能 电池 结">
<h2>4) PN 结：一张图讲清“耗尽区 + 内建电场 + 整流”</h2>
<div class="sub">很多东西（太阳能电池、二极管、晶体管）都从这张图长出来。</div>
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>一句话抓主线：</b><br/>
P 区多空穴、N 区多电子；接触后载流子扩散并复合，留下固定离子形成 <b>耗尽区</b> 与 <b>内建电场</b>；
这个电场让结对不同方向电压呈现非对称导通（整流），也能在光照下分离电子-空穴对（太阳能电池）。
<details>
<summary>把“扩散”和“漂移”放进同一句话</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
扩散把电子/空穴往对方跑；内建电场让它们“漂移”回来。平衡时：扩散电流 = 漂移电流。
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="PN结耗尽区示意图">
<defs>
<marker id="ar2" markerWidth="10" markerHeight="10" refX="6" refY="3" orient="auto">
<path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)"></path>
</marker>
</defs>
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">PN 结：扩散 → 耗尽区 → 内建电场</text>
<rect x="60" y="80" width="180" height="140" rx="18" fill="rgba(255,107,122,.12)" stroke="rgba(255,107,122,.35)"/>
<rect x="280" y="80" width="180" height="140" rx="18" fill="rgba(122,162,255,.12)" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.35)"/>
<rect id="dep" x="235" y="80" width="50" height="140" rx="14" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.05)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.18)" stroke-dasharray="6 6"/>
<text x="142" y="154" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="16" text-anchor="middle">P</text>
<text x="370" y="154" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="16" text-anchor="middle">N</text>
<text x="260" y="236" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">耗尽区宽度</text>
<!-- diffusion arrows -->
<line x1="210" y1="118" x2="260" y2="118" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" stroke-width="3" marker-end="url(#ar2)"/>
<text x="180" y="112" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">电子扩散 →</text>
<line x1="310" y1="182" x2="260" y2="182" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" stroke-width="3" marker-end="url(#ar2)"/>
<text x="320" y="188" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="11">← 空穴扩散</text>
<!-- field arrows -->
<line x1="260" y1="92" x2="260" y2="210" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.65)" stroke-width="3" marker-end="url(#ar2)"/>
<text x="270" y="108" fill="rgba(110,231,255,.8)" font-size="11">内建电场</text>
<text x="72" y="66" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">调参：掺杂越高 → 耗尽区越窄</text>
</svg>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<label>掺杂程度</label>
<input type="range" min="10" max="120" value="55" id="dope"/>
<span class="kbd" id="dopev">55</span>
<span class="small">改变耗尽区宽度（示意）</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mini" style="margin-top:12px;">
<h3>小测：耗尽区“为什么会带电”？</h3>
<div class="q" data-quiz="q4" data-answer="1">
<div class="opt">因为电子和空穴聚集在结中间</div>
<div class="opt">因为扩散复合后留下固定的离子（受主/施主），形成空间电荷</div>
<div class="opt">因为外加电压把电荷“吸”到中间</div>
<div class="opt">因为温度越低耗尽区越带电</div>
<div class="feedback" data-fb></div>
</div>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<button class="btn good" onclick="markDone(3)">标记本模块已掌握</button>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 5 -->
<section class="card section module" data-keywords="BJT 三极管 放大 结 晶体管">
<h2>5) BJT：两个 PN 结“背靠背”如何实现放大？</h2>
<div class="sub">抓住“发射结正偏、集电结反偏、基极很薄”这三条就够了。</div>
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>一句话抓主线：</b><br/>
以 NPN 为例：发射结正偏注入电子，薄基区让大部分电子不复合直接到集电区，
集电结反偏把它们“扫走”形成集电电流；因此小小的基极电流/电压控制大大的集电电流（放大）。
<details><summary>一分钟讲解模板</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
“BJT 像一扇门：基极是门把手。发射区往里灌载流子，基区很薄，集电区反偏把载流子拉走。
所以你动一下门把手，就能放大地控制门里的人流。”
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="NPN三极管载流子流动示意">
<defs>
<marker id="ar3" markerWidth="10" markerHeight="10" refX="6" refY="3" orient="auto">
<path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)"></path>
</marker>
</defs>
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">NPN：发射结正偏 + 集电结反偏 + 薄基区</text>
<rect x="60" y="90" width="140" height="130" rx="18" fill="rgba(122,162,255,.10)" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.35)"/>
<rect id="base" x="210" y="90" width="80" height="130" rx="18" fill="rgba(255,107,122,.10)" stroke="rgba(255,107,122,.35)"/>
<rect x="300" y="90" width="160" height="130" rx="18" fill="rgba(122,162,255,.10)" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.35)"/>
<text x="130" y="155" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="14" text-anchor="middle">E (N)</text>
<text x="250" y="155" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="14" text-anchor="middle">B (P)</text>
<text x="380" y="155" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="14" text-anchor="middle">C (N)</text>
<line x1="170" y1="130" x2="340" y2="130" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.75)" stroke-width="4" marker-end="url(#ar3)"/>
<line x1="170" y1="160" x2="350" y2="160" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.55)" stroke-width="4" marker-end="url(#ar3)"/>
<text x="90" y="78" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">电子主流：E → B → C</text>
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<text x="270" y="245" fill="rgba(255,204,102,.8)" font-size="12">基极控制</text>
<text x="28" y="246" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">调参：基区越薄 → 复合越少 → 放大越强（示意）</text>
</svg>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<label>基区厚度</label>
<input type="range" min="18" max="120" value="56" id="bth"/>
<span class="kbd" id="bthv">56</span>
<span class="small">基区变薄会提升“通过率”（示意）</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mini" style="margin-top:12px;">
<h3>小测：哪一条最像“放大”的关键？</h3>
<div class="q" data-quiz="q5" data-answer="0">
<div class="opt">基区很薄，让注入载流子多数到达集电区</div>
<div class="opt">发射区必须反偏才会放大</div>
<div class="opt">集电区必须正偏才会放大</div>
<div class="opt">温度越低放大越强</div>
<div class="feedback" data-fb></div>
</div>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<button class="btn good" onclick="markDone(4)">标记本模块已掌握</button>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 6 -->
<section class="card section module" data-keywords="MOSFET 栅极 沟道 反型 光刻 光刻胶 制程 lithography">
<h2>6) MOSFET + 光刻：把“电场控制沟道”做进工艺里</h2>
<div class="sub">理解 MOSFET 的“栅控沟道”后，再用光刻把它“复制很多次”，就能直觉理解芯片。</div>
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>一句话抓主线：</b><br/>
MOSFET 用栅极电场在半导体表面诱导反型层形成“沟道”，实现用电压控制电流；
光刻则通过掩膜把结构图案化到晶圆上，层层堆叠形成复杂电路。
<details><summary>光刻三步记忆钩子</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
涂胶 → 对准曝光 → 显影刻蚀（或沉积/离子注入后再剥离）。<br/>
记成一句：<b>“涂、照、洗；刻、填、掺；再重复”</b>。
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="MOSFET沟道与光刻示意图">
<defs>
<marker id="ar4" markerWidth="10" markerHeight="10" refX="6" refY="3" orient="auto">
<path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)"></path>
</marker>
</defs>
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">MOSFET：栅压 → 反型 → 沟道</text>
<!-- substrate -->
<rect x="60" y="150" width="400" height="80" rx="18" fill="rgba(122,162,255,.10)" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.30)"/>
<text x="80" y="198" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">衬底</text>
<!-- source/drain -->
<rect x="90" y="160" width="90" height="60" rx="14" fill="rgba(255,107,122,.10)" stroke="rgba(255,107,122,.35)"/>
<rect x="340" y="160" width="90" height="60" rx="14" fill="rgba(255,107,122,.10)" stroke="rgba(255,107,122,.35)"/>
<text x="135" y="196" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">S</text>
<text x="385" y="196" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">D</text>
<!-- oxide + gate -->
<rect x="200" y="120" width="120" height="20" rx="10" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.06)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.18)"/>
<rect x="210" y="70" width="100" height="44" rx="14" fill="rgba(110,231,255,.12)" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.35)"/>
<text x="260" y="98" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.7)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">Gate</text>
<!-- channel -->
<rect id="ch" x="190" y="202" width="140" height="12" rx="6" fill="rgba(62,230,168,.0)" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.0)"/>
<text x="260" y="236" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">沟道强度（随栅压）</text>
<line x1="260" y1="70" x2="260" y2="120" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.65)" stroke-width="3" marker-end="url(#ar4)"/>
<text x="275" y="110" fill="rgba(110,231,255,.75)" font-size="11">电场</text>
<!-- litho -->
<text x="28" y="74" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12">光刻：掩膜把结构复制到晶圆</text>
<rect x="60" y="86" width="120" height="46" rx="14" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.03)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<path d="M75 100 h90 v18 h-90 z" fill="rgba(255,204,102,.18)" stroke="rgba(255,204,102,.38)"/>
<text x="72" y="124" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.45)" font-size="11">Mask</text>
</svg>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<label>栅压 Vg</label>
<input type="range" min="0" max="100" value="30" id="vg"/>
<span class="kbd" id="vgv">30</span>
<span class="small">Vg 超过阈值 → 沟道显现（示意）</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mini" style="margin-top:12px;">
<h3>记忆卡片（翻面）</h3>
<p>点卡片翻面；每张卡片都可以当成你“复述时的一句话”。</p>
<div class="deck" id="deck"></div>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<button class="btn good" onclick="markDone(5)">标记本模块已掌握</button>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- 7 -->
<section class="card section module" data-keywords="4004 芯片 集成电路 摩尔定律 制造 逻辑">
<h2>7) 4004：为什么“能做出来”比“能画出来”更难？</h2>
<div class="sub">用一个早期微处理器作锚点：把“器件 → 电路 → 系统 → 制造”串起来。</div>
<div class="two">
<div class="note">
<b>一句话抓主线：</b><br/>
芯片不是“电路图的堆叠”，而是“可制造的几何结构 + 可控制的材料性质 + 可重复的工艺窗口”。
早期芯片（如 4004）最值得学的是：它把大量 MOSFET 的一致性、互连、时钟、功耗、封装都变成了工程问题。
<details><summary>你可以这样讲给朋友听</summary>
<div style="margin-top:8px;color:var(--muted);font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;">
“画电路像写程序；做芯片像把程序刻进石头——你要保证每一层都对齐、每个器件参数都落在窗口里，
还要能批量重复。难点是制造与一致性。”
</div>
</details>
</div>
<div class="svgbox">
<svg viewBox="0 0 520 280" width="100%" height="auto" aria-label="器件到系统的层级示意图">
<rect x="12" y="12" width="496" height="256" rx="18" fill="rgba(15,22,48,.55)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="28" y="44" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.85)" font-size="14">层级：器件 → 电路 → 模块 → 系统（制造贯穿）</text>
<g>
<rect x="60" y="78" width="120" height="50" rx="16" fill="rgba(62,230,168,.10)" stroke="rgba(62,230,168,.35)"/>
<text x="120" y="108" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.75)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">MOSFET</text>
<rect x="210" y="78" width="120" height="50" rx="16" fill="rgba(110,231,255,.10)" stroke="rgba(110,231,255,.35)"/>
<text x="270" y="108" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.75)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">逻辑门</text>
<rect x="360" y="78" width="120" height="50" rx="16" fill="rgba(122,162,255,.10)" stroke="rgba(122,162,255,.35)"/>
<text x="420" y="108" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.75)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">模块</text>
<rect x="210" y="150" width="120" height="50" rx="16" fill="rgba(255,204,102,.10)" stroke="rgba(255,204,102,.35)"/>
<text x="270" y="180" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.75)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">CPU（例：4004）</text>
<path d="M180 103 L210 103" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.35)" stroke-width="3"/>
<path d="M330 103 L360 103" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.35)" stroke-width="3"/>
<path d="M420 128 L270 150" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.25)" stroke-width="3"/>
<rect x="60" y="210" width="420" height="36" rx="18" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.03)" stroke="rgba(255,255,255,.12)"/>
<text x="270" y="233" fill="rgba(255,255,255,.55)" font-size="12" text-anchor="middle">
制造要点：对准 / 线宽 / 缺陷 / 互连 / 良率 / 封装
</text>
</g>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<div class="mini" style="margin-top:12px;">
<h3>终章小测：哪句话最接近“芯片难点”？</h3>
<div class="q" data-quiz="q7" data-answer="2">
<div class="opt">难点在于画出足够复杂的电路图</div>
<div class="opt">难点在于把晶圆做得足够大</div>
<div class="opt">难点在于可制造性与一致性：层层对准、参数窗口、良率与互连</div>
<div class="opt">难点在于让芯片在真空里工作</div>
<div class="feedback" data-fb></div>
</div>
<div class="rowline" style="margin-top:10px;">
<button class="btn good" onclick="markDone(6)">标记本模块已掌握</button>
<button class="btn secondary" onclick="scrollToTop()">回到顶部</button>
</div>
</div>
<details>
<summary>彩蛋：霍尔电推进（把“等离子体 + 电磁场”当作另一个“模态”故事）</summary>
<div style="margin-top:10px;" class="note">
如果你今天也顺带聊到了霍尔推进：它本质上是“电场加速离子、磁场束缚电子”，
让电子在磁场里产生横向漂移（霍尔电流），从而建立稳定放电并把离子喷出产生推力。
这部分我没做深讲，只留一个“概念钩子”：<b>像 MOSFET 一样，用场去控制粒子运动。</b>
</div>
</details>
</section>
</div>
</div>
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<span class="tag">离线可用 · 单文件</span>
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document.getElementById("done").textContent = done;
document.getElementById("total").textContent = total;
document.getElementById("bar").style.width = pct + "%";
const acc = state.quiz.attempts ? Math.round(state.quiz.correct/state.quiz.attempts*100) : 0;
document.getElementById("acc").textContent = acc + "%";
// show module completion subtly
document.querySelectorAll(".module").forEach((m, idx)=>{
m.style.outline = state.done[idx] ? "2px solid rgba(62,230,168,.35)" : "none";
});
}
/* -----------------------------
Navigation & Search
----------------------------- */
function scrollToTop(){ window.scrollTo({top:0, behavior:"smooth"}); }
function focusSearch(){ document.getElementById("search").focus(); }
document.addEventListener("keydown", (e)=>{
if(e.key === "/"){
e.preventDefault(); focusSearch();
}
if(e.key.toLowerCase() === "n"){
e.preventDefault();
const next = Math.min(state.lastModuleIndex+1, 6);
jumpToModule(next);
}
});
document.getElementById("btnClear").addEventListener("click", ()=>{
document.getElementById("search").value = "";
filterModules("");
});
document.getElementById("search").addEventListener("input", (e)=> filterModules(e.target.value));
function filterModules(q){