diff --git a/arrow/array/json_reader_test.go b/arrow/array/json_reader_test.go
index d309b0c3..c1807a9f 100644
--- a/arrow/array/json_reader_test.go
+++ b/arrow/array/json_reader_test.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package array_test
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
@@ -231,6 +232,35 @@ func generateJSONData(n int) []byte {
 	return data
 }
 
+func ndjsonToRecordBuilder(t *testing.T, recordBuilder *array.RecordBuilder, data string) {
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(data))
+
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		if len(scanner.Bytes()) > 0 {
+			err := recordBuilder.UnmarshalJSON(scanner.Bytes())
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	assert.NoError(t, scanner.Err())
+}
+
+func recordBatchToNDJSON(t *testing.T, rec arrow.RecordBatch) string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+
+	arr := array.RecordToStructArray(rec)
+	defer arr.Release()
+
+	for pos := range arr.Len() {
+		s, err := json.Marshal(arr.GetOneForMarshal(pos))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		sb.Write(s)
+		sb.WriteByte('\n')
+	}
+
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
 func jsonArrayToNDJSON(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 	var records []json.RawMessage
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &records); err != nil {
diff --git a/arrow/array/record.go b/arrow/array/record.go
index 0aaf771b..6e3d9dfc 100644
--- a/arrow/array/record.go
+++ b/arrow/array/record.go
@@ -348,6 +348,38 @@ func (b *RecordBuilder) Reserve(size int) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (b *RecordBuilder) columnLenRange() (lower, upper int) {
+	if len(b.fields) > 0 {
+		lower = b.fields[0].Len()
+		upper = lower
+
+		for _, f := range b.fields[1:] {
+			lower = min(lower, f.Len())
+			upper = max(upper, f.Len())
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Resize adjusts the space allocated by all the field builders to n elements.
+// If n is greater than an individual builder Cap(), additional memory will be
+// allocated. If n is smaller, the allocated memory may reduced.
+//
+// As a special case, if n equals to -1, all field builders will be resized
+// to the size of the shortest one.
+func (b *RecordBuilder) Resize(n int) {
+	if n >= 0 {
+		for _, f := range b.fields {
+			f.Resize(n)
+		}
+	} else if n == -1 {
+		lower, upper := b.columnLenRange()
+		if lower != upper {
+			b.Resize(lower)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // NewRecordBatch creates a new record batch from the memory buffers and resets the
 // RecordBuilder so it can be used to build a new record batch.
 //
@@ -355,8 +387,12 @@ func (b *RecordBuilder) Reserve(size int) {
 //
 // NewRecordBatch panics if the fields' builder do not have the same length.
 func (b *RecordBuilder) NewRecordBatch() arrow.RecordBatch {
+	lower, upper := b.columnLenRange()
+	if lower != upper {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("arrow/array: some fields have excessive number of rows (want at most %d, have %d)", lower, upper))
+	}
+
 	cols := make([]arrow.Array, len(b.fields))
-	rows := int64(0)
 
 	defer func(cols []arrow.Array) {
 		for _, col := range cols {
@@ -369,14 +405,9 @@ func (b *RecordBuilder) NewRecordBatch() arrow.RecordBatch {
 
 	for i, f := range b.fields {
 		cols[i] = f.NewArray()
-		irow := int64(cols[i].Len())
-		if i > 0 && irow != rows {
-			panic(fmt.Errorf("arrow/array: field %d has %d rows. want=%d", i, irow, rows))
-		}
-		rows = irow
 	}
 
-	return NewRecordBatch(b.schema, cols, rows)
+	return NewRecordBatch(b.schema, cols, int64(lower))
 }
 
 // Deprecated: Use [NewRecordBatch] instead.
diff --git a/arrow/array/record_test.go b/arrow/array/record_test.go
index 5900efe7..a3924382 100644
--- a/arrow/array/record_test.go
+++ b/arrow/array/record_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package array_test
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/apache/arrow-go/v18/arrow"
@@ -531,6 +532,91 @@ func TestRecordBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestRecordBuilderResize(t *testing.T) {
+	mem := memory.NewCheckedAllocator(memory.NewGoAllocator())
+	defer mem.AssertSize(t, 0)
+
+	schema := arrow.NewSchema([]arrow.Field{
+		{Name: "region", Type: arrow.BinaryTypes.String, Nullable: true},
+		{Name: "model", Type: arrow.BinaryTypes.String},
+		{Name: "sales", Type: arrow.PrimitiveTypes.Float64, Nullable: true},
+	}, nil)
+
+	t.Run("truncate", func(t *testing.T) {
+		recordBuilder := array.NewRecordBuilder(mem, schema)
+		defer recordBuilder.Release()
+
+		ndjsonToRecordBuilder(t, recordBuilder, jsondata)
+
+		rb0 := recordBuilder.NewRecordBatch()
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(3), rb0.NumCols())
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(16), rb0.NumRows())
+
+		data0 := recordBatchToNDJSON(t, rb0)
+		rb0.Release()
+
+		ndjsonToRecordBuilder(t, recordBuilder, jsondata)
+		recordBuilder.Resize(8)
+
+		rb1 := recordBuilder.NewRecordBatch()
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(3), rb1.NumCols())
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(8), rb1.NumRows())
+
+		data1 := recordBatchToNDJSON(t, rb1)
+		rb1.Release()
+
+		assert.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(data0, data1))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("truncate_incomplete", func(t *testing.T) {
+		recordBuilder := array.NewRecordBuilder(mem, schema)
+		defer recordBuilder.Release()
+
+		ndjsonToRecordBuilder(t, recordBuilder, jsondata)
+
+		rb0 := recordBuilder.NewRecordBatch()
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(3), rb0.NumCols())
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(16), rb0.NumRows())
+
+		data0 := recordBatchToNDJSON(t, rb0)
+		rb0.Release()
+
+		ndjsonToRecordBuilder(t, recordBuilder, jsondata)
+		recordBuilder.Field(0).(*array.StringBuilder).Append("TN")
+		recordBuilder.Field(0).(*array.StringBuilder).Append("IL")
+		recordBuilder.Field(0).(*array.StringBuilder).Append("WI")
+
+		panicked := false
+		func() {
+			defer func() {
+				if r := recover(); r != nil {
+					if strings.HasPrefix(r.(error).Error(), "arrow/array:") {
+						panicked = true
+					} else {
+						panic(r)
+					}
+				}
+			}()
+
+			rb1 := recordBuilder.NewRecordBatch()
+			rb1.Release()
+		}()
+
+		assert.True(t, panicked)
+
+		recordBuilder.Resize(-1)
+
+		rb2 := recordBuilder.NewRecordBatch()
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(3), rb2.NumCols())
+		assert.Equal(t, int64(16), rb2.NumRows())
+
+		data2 := recordBatchToNDJSON(t, rb2)
+		rb2.Release()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, data0, data2)
+	})
+}
+
 type testMessage struct {
 	Foo  *testMessageFoo
 	Bars []*testMessageBar