diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 57d0f90a..725551c0 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2,40 +2,12 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 3
 
-[[package]]
-name = "addr2line"
-version = "0.22.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6e4503c46a5c0c7844e948c9a4d6acd9f50cccb4de1c48eb9e291ea17470c678"
-dependencies = [
- "gimli",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "adler"
-version = "1.0.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "adler2"
 version = "2.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "320119579fcad9c21884f5c4861d16174d0e06250625266f50fe6898340abefa"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ahash"
-version = "0.8.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "getrandom",
- "once_cell",
- "version_check",
- "zerocopy",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "aho-corasick"
 version = "1.1.3"
@@ -45,15 +17,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "aligned-vec"
-version = "0.6.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e0966165eaf052580bd70eb1b32cb3d6245774c0104d1b2793e9650bf83b52a"
-dependencies = [
- "equator",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "allocator-api2"
 version = "0.2.18"
@@ -139,33 +102,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "arrayvec"
-version = "0.7.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "backtrace"
-version = "0.3.73"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5cc23269a4f8976d0a4d2e7109211a419fe30e8d88d677cd60b6bc79c5732e0a"
-dependencies = [
- "addr2line",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "miniz_oxide 0.7.4",
- "object",
- "rustc-demangle",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
@@ -210,16 +152,6 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cardinality-estimator"
-version = "1.0.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ae5e12c435064f9e8ec53c5a782ca9a362702a4863fe1b6448f524ecede8fe3"
-dependencies = [
- "enum_dispatch",
- "wyhash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cast"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -371,15 +303,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cpp_demangle"
-version = "0.4.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96e58d342ad113c2b878f16d5d034c03be492ae460cdbc02b7f0f2284d310c7d"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
 version = "1.5.0"
@@ -466,15 +389,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "debugid"
-version = "0.8.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bef552e6f588e446098f6ba40d89ac146c8c7b64aade83c051ee00bb5d2bc18d"
-dependencies = [
- "uuid",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "dirs-next"
 version = "2.0.0"
@@ -529,18 +443,6 @@ version = "1.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "60b1af1c220855b6ceac025d3f6ecdd2b7c4894bfe9cd9bda4fbb4bc7c0d4cf0"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "enum_dispatch"
-version = "0.3.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aa18ce2bc66555b3218614519ac839ddb759a7d6720732f979ef8d13be147ecd"
-dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "env_filter"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -564,42 +466,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "equator"
-version = "0.2.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c35da53b5a021d2484a7cc49b2ac7f2d840f8236a286f84202369bd338d761ea"
-dependencies = [
- "equator-macro",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "equator-macro"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3bf679796c0322556351f287a51b49e48f7c4986e727b5dd78c972d30e2e16cc"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
 version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "534c5cf6194dfab3db3242765c03bbe257cf92f22b38f6bc0c58d59108a820ba"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "factorial"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -610,12 +482,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "primal-sieve",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8c02a5121d4ea3eb16a80748c74f5549a5665e4c21333c6098f283870fbdea6"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fdeflate"
 version = "0.3.7"
@@ -625,18 +491,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "simd-adler32",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "findshlibs"
-version = "0.10.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40b9e59cd0f7e0806cca4be089683ecb6434e602038df21fe6bf6711b2f07f64"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "lazy_static",
- "libc",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
 version = "1.1.5"
@@ -644,7 +498,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bfe33edd8e85a12a67454e37f8c75e730830d83e313556ab9ebf9ee7fbeb3bfb"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
- "miniz_oxide 0.8.9",
+ "miniz_oxide",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -728,12 +582,13 @@ version = "0.27.1"
 dependencies = [
  "approx",
  "bytemuck",
- "cardinality-estimator",
  "chrono",
  "criterion",
  "distance",
  "env_logger",
  "factorial",
+ "foldhash",
+ "hyperloglockless",
  "impl-trait-for-tuples",
  "itertools 0.13.0",
  "log",
@@ -741,7 +596,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "nohash-hasher",
  "num",
  "plotters",
- "pprof",
  "rand",
  "rayon",
  "rustc-hash",
@@ -771,12 +625,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "weezl",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "gimli"
-version = "0.29.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40ecd4077b5ae9fd2e9e169b102c6c330d0605168eb0e8bf79952b256dbefffd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
 version = "2.4.1"
@@ -793,12 +641,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "65043da274378d68241eb9a8f8f8aa54e349136f7b8e12f63e3ef44043cc30e1"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.14.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.16.1"
@@ -822,6 +664,17 @@ version = "2.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a3a5bfb195931eeb336b2a7b4d761daec841b97f947d34394601737a7bba5e4"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hyperloglockless"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ae1bec24f6def5dee99af44efa0a0d6515373c308ac45e2018ca0aaf128d4142"
+dependencies = [
+ "foldhash",
+ "libm",
+ "siphasher",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "iana-time-zone"
 version = "0.1.60"
@@ -870,34 +723,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68b900aa2f7301e21c36462b170ee99994de34dff39a4a6a528e80e7376d07e5"
-dependencies = [
- "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.14.5",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "inferno"
-version = "0.11.21"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "232929e1d75fe899576a3d5c7416ad0d88dbfbb3c3d6aa00873a7408a50ddb88"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
- "indexmap",
- "is-terminal",
- "itoa",
- "log",
- "num-format",
- "once_cell",
- "quick-xml",
- "rgb",
- "str_stack",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "is-terminal"
 version = "0.4.13"
@@ -992,22 +817,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "78b3ae25bc7c8c38cec158d1f2757ee79e9b3740fbc7ccf0e59e4b08d793fa89"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.12"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "07af8b9cdd281b7915f413fa73f29ebd5d55d0d3f0155584dade1ff18cea1b17"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "scopeguard",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
 version = "0.4.22"
@@ -1020,7 +829,7 @@ version = "0.16.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a1dc47f592c06f33f8e3aea9591776ec7c9f9e4124778ff8a3c3b87159f7e593"
 dependencies = [
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "hashbrown",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1039,24 +848,6 @@ version = "2.7.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "78ca9ab1a0babb1e7d5695e3530886289c18cf2f87ec19a575a0abdce112e3a3"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memmap2"
-version = "0.9.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fe751422e4a8caa417e13c3ea66452215d7d63e19e604f4980461212f3ae1322"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b8a240ddb74feaf34a79a7add65a741f3167852fba007066dcac1ca548d89c08"
-dependencies = [
- "adler",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
 version = "0.8.9"
@@ -1084,17 +875,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "typenum",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nix"
-version = "0.26.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "598beaf3cc6fdd9a5dfb1630c2800c7acd31df7aaf0f565796fba2b53ca1af1b"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "nohash-hasher"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -1134,16 +914,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "num-format"
-version = "0.4.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a652d9771a63711fd3c3deb670acfbe5c30a4072e664d7a3bf5a9e1056ac72c3"
-dependencies = [
- "arrayvec",
- "itoa",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "num-integer"
 version = "0.1.46"
@@ -1185,15 +955,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libm",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "object"
-version = "0.36.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "084f1a5821ac4c651660a94a7153d27ac9d8a53736203f58b31945ded098070a"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
 version = "1.19.0"
@@ -1206,29 +967,6 @@ version = "11.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot"
-version = "0.12.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f1bf18183cf54e8d6059647fc3063646a1801cf30896933ec2311622cc4b9a27"
-dependencies = [
- "lock_api",
- "parking_lot_core",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot_core"
-version = "0.9.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e401f977ab385c9e4e3ab30627d6f26d00e2c73eef317493c4ec6d468726cf8"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "redox_syscall",
- "smallvec",
- "windows-targets",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "paste"
 version = "1.0.15"
@@ -1316,30 +1054,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "fdeflate",
  "flate2",
- "miniz_oxide 0.8.9",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "pprof"
-version = "0.14.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebbe2f8898beba44815fdc9e5a4ae9c929e21c5dc29b0c774a15555f7f58d6d0"
-dependencies = [
- "aligned-vec",
- "backtrace",
- "cfg-if",
- "criterion",
- "findshlibs",
- "inferno",
- "libc",
- "log",
- "nix",
- "once_cell",
- "parking_lot",
- "smallvec",
- "symbolic-demangle",
- "tempfile",
- "thiserror",
+ "miniz_oxide",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1386,15 +1101,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "quick-xml"
-version = "0.26.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7f50b1c63b38611e7d4d7f68b82d3ad0cc71a2ad2e7f61fc10f1328d917c93cd"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
 version = "1.0.37"
@@ -1470,15 +1176,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2a908a6e00f1fdd0dfd9c0eb08ce85126f6d8bbda50017e74bc4a4b7d4a926a4"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_users"
 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -1519,21 +1216,6 @@ version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7a66a03ae7c801facd77a29370b4faec201768915ac14a721ba36f20bc9c209b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rgb"
-version = "0.8.50"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "57397d16646700483b67d2dd6511d79318f9d057fdbd21a4066aeac8b41d310a"
-dependencies = [
- "bytemuck",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-demangle"
-version = "0.1.24"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "719b953e2095829ee67db738b3bfa9fa368c94900df327b3f07fe6e794d2fe1f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "2.1.0"
@@ -1549,19 +1231,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.35"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a85d50532239da68e9addb745ba38ff4612a242c1c7ceea689c4bc7c2f43c36f"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
 version = "1.0.18"
@@ -1586,12 +1255,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "scopeguard"
-version = "1.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.27"
@@ -1656,16 +1319,16 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d66dc143e6b11c1eddc06d5c423cfc97062865baf299914ab64caa38182078fe"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.13.2"
+name = "siphasher"
+version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
+checksum = "b2aa850e253778c88a04c3d7323b043aeda9d3e30d5971937c1855769763678e"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "stable_deref_trait"
-version = "1.2.0"
+name = "smallvec"
+version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8f112729512f8e442d81f95a8a7ddf2b7c6b8a1a6f509a95864142b30cab2d3"
+checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "statrs"
@@ -1679,12 +1342,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "str_stack"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9091b6114800a5f2141aee1d1b9d6ca3592ac062dc5decb3764ec5895a47b4eb"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "streaming-stats"
 version = "0.2.3"
@@ -1694,29 +1351,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "symbolic-common"
-version = "12.10.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b1944ea8afd197111bca0c0edea1e1f56abb3edd030e240c1035cc0e3ff51fec"
-dependencies = [
- "debugid",
- "memmap2",
- "stable_deref_trait",
- "uuid",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "symbolic-demangle"
-version = "12.10.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ddaccaf1bf8e73c4f64f78dbb30aadd6965c71faa4ff3fba33f8d7296cf94a87"
-dependencies = [
- "cpp_demangle",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "symbolic-common",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
 version = "1.0.109"
@@ -1739,19 +1373,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.12.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "04cbcdd0c794ebb0d4cf35e88edd2f7d2c4c3e9a5a6dab322839b321c6a87a64"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "fastrand",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.63"
@@ -1816,18 +1437,6 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "uuid"
-version = "1.10.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "81dfa00651efa65069b0b6b651f4aaa31ba9e3c3ce0137aaad053604ee7e0314"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "version_check"
-version = "0.9.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "walkdir"
 version = "2.5.0"
@@ -2062,15 +1671,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wyhash"
-version = "0.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "baf6e163c25e3fac820b4b453185ea2dea3b6a3e0a721d4d23d75bd33734c295"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "yeslogic-fontconfig-sys"
 version = "5.0.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 84b44a51..e7b44769 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ num = "0.4.0"
 rayon = "1.10.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.8"
 log = "0.4.0"
-cardinality-estimator = "1.0.2"
+foldhash = "0.2.0"
+hyperloglockless = { version = "0.5.0", default-features = false }
 impl-trait-for-tuples = "0.2.2"
 rustc-hash = "2.1.0"
 bytemuck = { version = "1.21.0", features = ["derive"] }
diff --git a/src/population.rs b/src/population.rs
index 2671d296..57c9f576 100644
--- a/src/population.rs
+++ b/src/population.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 use crate::allele::Allele;
 use crate::chromosome::{Chromosome, GenesHash};
 use crate::fitness::{FitnessOrdering, FitnessValue};
-use cardinality_estimator::CardinalityEstimator;
+use foldhash::fast::RandomState;
+use hyperloglockless::HyperLogLog;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use rand::prelude::*;
 use std::cmp::Reverse;
@@ -266,9 +267,9 @@ impl<T: Allele> Population<T> {
             .filter_map(|c| c.fitness_score())
             .peekable();
         if values.peek().is_some() {
-            let mut estimator = CardinalityEstimator::<FitnessValue>::new();
+            let mut estimator = HyperLogLog::with_hasher(12, RandomState::default());
             values.for_each(|fitness_score| estimator.insert(&fitness_score));
-            Some(estimator.estimate())
+            Some(estimator.raw_count().round() as usize)
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -282,9 +283,9 @@ impl<T: Allele> Population<T> {
             .filter_map(|c| c.genes_hash())
             .peekable();
         if values.peek().is_some() {
-            let mut estimator = CardinalityEstimator::<u64>::new();
+            let mut estimator = HyperLogLog::new(12);
             values.for_each(|genes_hash| estimator.insert_hash(genes_hash));
-            Some(estimator.estimate())
+            Some(estimator.raw_count().round() as usize)
         } else {
             None
         }