diff --git a/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/index.md b/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/index.md
index d870452ad..6964604ab 100644
--- a/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/index.md
+++ b/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/index.md
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ Usually, we only require unique cross-combinations of elements in arbitrary orde
``` r
# compute the difference of all elements of one vector to each other
self_difference <- function(vec) outer(X = vec, Y = vec, FUN = function(X, Y) Y - X )
-wrap_difference <- function(vec) outer(X = vec, Y = vec, FUN = function(X, Y) (Y - X) %% (2*extent))
+wrap_difference <- function(vec) outer(X = vec, Y = vec, FUN = function(X, Y) ((Y - X + (extent/2)) %% (extent)) - (extent/2))
# Calculate the Euclidean distance of the x and y columns in a data frame.
Euclid <- function(data) sqrt(self_difference(data$x)^2 + self_difference(data$y)^2 )
@@ -744,7 +744,10 @@ alt="Figure 8: Although it is inverted, scaled, y-shifted, and centered on zero
I still have a hard time to associate anything maths-related to the words `nugget` and `sill`: they could equally well be some ancient greek letters spelled out in a non-greek way, such as `σίγμα`.
Historically, they stem from what I think were the earliest applications of variogram-like analysis, as my colleague Hans Van Calster confirmed me when reviewing this tutorial:
-\> nugget comes from "gold" nugget in mining. In sampling gold, the chances of finding a nugget of gold from adjacent locations may differ a lot - hence they have a large "nugget" effect (large differences at very small distances).
+
+> nugget comes from "gold" nugget in mining. In sampling gold, the chances of finding a nugget of gold from adjacent locations may differ a lot - hence they have a large "nugget" effect (large differences at very small distances).
+
+
We have to accept that they are frequently encountered in the variogram literature.
- The `nugget` is the value our function takes at the zero intercept, i.e. baseline variance, i.e. the lowest difference we can get (often defined by measurement uncertainty).
@@ -795,9 +798,9 @@ plot_residuals_histogram(x, y, predictor_function,
+alt="Figure 9: Residual distribution of the Gaussian model for semivariance." />
-Residual distribution of the Matérn model for semivariance. Reasonably Gaussian as well, with some imagination.
+Residual distribution of the Gaussian model for semivariance.
The regression results for scale, range, and nugget are 0.12, 16.76, 0.35, respectively.
diff --git a/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/spatial_variograms.qmd b/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/spatial_variograms.qmd
index ae838881f..b2d60b263 100644
--- a/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/spatial_variograms.qmd
+++ b/content/tutorials/spatial_variograms/spatial_variograms.qmd
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ format:
variant: -tex_math_dollars+tex_math_single_backslash
embed-resources: true
hugo-md:
- output-file: "index.md"
+ output-file: "index_new.md"
toc: false
preserve_yaml: false
maths: true
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ Usually, we only require unique cross-combinations of elements in arbitrary orde
```{r cross-distance}
# compute the difference of all elements of one vector to each other
self_difference <- function(vec) outer(X = vec, Y = vec, FUN = function(X, Y) Y - X )
-wrap_difference <- function(vec) outer(X = vec, Y = vec, FUN = function(X, Y) (Y - X) %% (2*extent))
+wrap_difference <- function(vec) outer(X = vec, Y = vec, FUN = function(X, Y) ((Y - X + (extent)) %% (2*extent)) - (extent))
# Calculate the Euclidean distance of the x and y columns in a data frame.
Euclid <- function(data) sqrt(self_difference(data$x)^2 + self_difference(data$y)^2 )
@@ -806,9 +806,12 @@ abline(v = 0)
I still have a hard time to associate anything maths-related to the words `nugget` and `sill`: they could equally well be some ancient greek letters spelled out in a non-greek way, such as `σίγμα`.
Historically, they stem from what I think were the earliest applications of variogram-like analysis, as my colleague Hans Van Calster confirmed me when reviewing this tutorial:
+
> nugget comes from "gold" nugget in mining. In sampling gold, the chances of finding a nugget of gold from adjacent locations may differ a lot - hence they have a large "nugget" effect (large differences at very small distances).
+
We have to accept that they are frequently encountered in the variogram literature.
+
- The `nugget` is the value our function takes at the zero intercept, i.e. baseline variance, i.e. the lowest difference we can get (often defined by measurement uncertainty).
- Conversely, the `sill` is the maximum variance we expect to be reached when comparing measurements at totally unrelated locations. The stereotypical Gaussian variogram will asymptotically approach this value towards infinite distance.
- The `sigma` parameter characterizes the width of the curve; it will indicate the range at which measurements still resemble each other to a certain degree.
@@ -856,11 +859,11 @@ Inspecting the residual pattern:
```{r regression-residuals-histogram}
#| label: fig-gauss-residuals
-#| fig-cap: "Residual distribution of the Matérn model for semivariance. Reasonably Gaussian as well, with some imagination."
+#| fig-cap: "Residual distribution of the Gaussian model for semivariance."
plot_residuals_histogram(x, y, predictor_function,
bins = 32, fill = "lightgray", color = "black")
```
-`Residual distribution of the Matérn model for semivariance. Reasonably Gaussian as well, with some imagination.
`{=markdown}
+`Residual distribution of the Gaussian model for semivariance.
`{=markdown}
The regression results for scale, range, and nugget are `{r} paste(round(optimizer_results$par, 2), collapse = ", ")`, respectively.
@@ -1555,3 +1558,7 @@ Useful links:
-
-
+
+# Changelog
+
+- *(2026-03-31)* Fix an error in "wrapping", discovered during work on . Code adjusted, but rendering not repeated to avoid git binary overwrite.