chore: shorten Docker build times (#759)

* chore: shorten Docker build times

* Update .github/workflows/docker.yml

Co-authored-by: claude[bot] <209825114+claude[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update .github/workflows/docker.yml

Co-authored-by: claude[bot] <209825114+claude[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* chore: shorten Docker build times - harden create manifest and push step

* chore: shorten Docker build times - remove obsolete arg to push

* Update .github/workflows/docker.yml

Co-authored-by: claude[bot] <209825114+claude[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* chore: shorten Docker build times - add error handling

* Update .github/workflows/docker.yml

Co-authored-by: claude[bot] <209825114+claude[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* chore: shorten Docker build times - minor fixes

* chore: shorten Docker build times - test all platforms

* chore: shorten Docker build times - expand permissions for attestations

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Co-authored-by: claude[bot] <209825114+claude[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: mbevc1