linode.py

import copy
import string
import sys
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime
from enum import Enum
from os import urandom
from random import randint
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
from urllib import parse

from linode_api4.common import load_and_validate_keys
from linode_api4.errors import UnexpectedResponseError
from linode_api4.objects.base import (
    Base,
    MappedObject,
    Property,
    _flatten_request_body_recursive,
)
from linode_api4.objects.dbase import DerivedBase
from linode_api4.objects.filtering import FilterableAttribute
from linode_api4.objects.image import Image
from linode_api4.objects.linode_interfaces import (
    LinodeInterface,
    LinodeInterfaceDefaultRouteOptions,
    LinodeInterfacePublicOptions,
    LinodeInterfacesSettings,
    LinodeInterfaceVLANOptions,
    LinodeInterfaceVPCOptions,
)
from linode_api4.objects.networking import (
    Firewall,
    IPAddress,
    IPv6Range,
    VPCIPAddress,
)
from linode_api4.objects.nodebalancer import NodeBalancer
from linode_api4.objects.region import Region
from linode_api4.objects.serializable import JSONObject, StrEnum
from linode_api4.objects.vpc import VPC, VPCSubnet
from linode_api4.paginated_list import PaginatedList
from linode_api4.util import drop_null_keys

PASSWORD_CHARS = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation


class InstanceDiskEncryptionType(StrEnum):
    """
    InstanceDiskEncryptionType defines valid values for the
    Instance(...).disk_encryption field.

    API Documentation: TODO
    """

    enabled = "enabled"
    disabled = "disabled"


class Backup(DerivedBase):
    """
    A Backup of a Linode Instance.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-backup
    """

    api_endpoint = "/linode/instances/{linode_id}/backups/{id}"
    derived_url_path = "backups"
    parent_id_name = "linode_id"

    properties = {
        "id": Property(identifier=True),
        "created": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "duration": Property(),
        "updated": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "finished": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "message": Property(),
        "status": Property(volatile=True),
        "type": Property(),
        "linode_id": Property(identifier=True),
        "label": Property(),
        "configs": Property(),
        "disks": Property(),
        "region": Property(slug_relationship=Region),
        "available": Property(),
    }

    def restore_to(self, linode, **kwargs):
        """
        Restores a Linode’s Backup to the specified Linode.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-restore-backup

        :param linode: The id of the Instance or the Instance to share the IPAddresses with.
                       This Instance will be able to bring up the given addresses.
        :type: linode: int or Instance

        :param kwargs: A dict containing the The ID of the Linode to restore a Backup to and
                       a boolean that, if True, deletes all Disks and Configs on
                       the target Linode before restoring.
        :type: kwargs: dict

        Example usage:
           kwargs = {
                "linode_id": 123,
                "overwrite": true
            }

        :returns: Returns true if the operation was successful
        :rtype: bool
        """

        d = {
            "linode_id": linode,
        }
        d.update(kwargs)

        self._client.post(
            "{}/restore".format(Backup.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(d),
        )
        return True


class Disk(DerivedBase):
    """
    A Disk for the storage space on a Compute Instance.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-disk
    """

    api_endpoint = "/linode/instances/{linode_id}/disks/{id}"
    derived_url_path = "disks"
    parent_id_name = "linode_id"

    properties = {
        "id": Property(identifier=True),
        "created": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "label": Property(mutable=True),
        "size": Property(),
        "status": Property(volatile=True),
        "filesystem": Property(),
        "updated": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "linode_id": Property(identifier=True),
        "disk_encryption": Property(),
    }

    def duplicate(self):
        """
        Copies a disk, byte-for-byte, into a new Disk belonging to the same Linode. The Linode must have enough
        storage space available to accept a new Disk of the same size as this one or this operation will fail.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-clone-linode-disk

        :returns: A Disk object representing the cloned Disk
        :rtype: Disk
        """

        d = self._client.post("{}/clone".format(Disk.api_endpoint), model=self)

        if not "id" in d:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response duplicating disk!", json=d
            )

        return Disk(self._client, d["id"], self.linode_id)

    def reset_root_password(self, root_password=None):
        """
        Resets the password of a Disk you have permission to read_write.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-reset-disk-password

        :param root_password: The new root password for the OS installed on this Disk. The password must meet the complexity
                              strength validation requirements for a strong password.
        :type: root_password: str
        """
        rpass = root_password
        if not rpass:
            rpass = Instance.generate_root_password()

        params = {
            "password": rpass,
        }

        self._client.post(
            "{}/password".format(Disk.api_endpoint), model=self, data=params
        )

    def resize(self, new_size):
        """
        Resizes this disk.  The Linode Instance this disk belongs to must have
        sufficient space available to accommodate the new size, and must be
        offline.

        **NOTE** If resizing a disk down, the filesystem on the disk must still
        fit on the new disk size.  You may need to resize the filesystem on the
        disk first before performing this action.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-resize-disk

        :param new_size: The intended new size of the disk, in MB
        :type new_size: int

        :returns: True if the resize was initiated successfully.
        :rtype: bool
        """
        self._client.post(
            "{}/resize".format(Disk.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data={"size": new_size},
        )

        return True


class Kernel(Base):
    """
    The primary component of every Linux system. The kernel interfaces
    with the system’s hardware and it controls the operating system’s core functionality.

    Your Compute Instance is capable of running one of three kinds of kernels:

        - Upstream kernel (or distribution-supplied kernel): This kernel is maintained
          and provided by your Linux distribution. A major benefit of this kernel is that the
          distribution was designed with this kernel in mind and all updates are managed through
          the distributions package management system. It also may support features not present
          in the Linode kernel (for example, SELinux).

        - Linode kernel: Linode also maintains kernels that can be used on a Compute Instance.
          If selected, these kernels are provided to your Compute Instance at boot
          (not directly installed on your system). The Current Kernels page displays a
          list of all the available Linode kernels.

        - Custom-compiled kernel: A kernel that you compile from source. Compiling a kernel
          can let you use features not available in the upstream or Linode kernels, but it takes longer
          to compile the kernel from source than to download it from your package manager. For more
          information on custom compiled kernels, review our guides for Debian, Ubuntu, and CentOS.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-kernel
    """

    api_endpoint = "/linode/kernels/{id}"
    properties = {
        "created": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "deprecated": Property(),
        "description": Property(),
        "id": Property(identifier=True),
        "kvm": Property(),
        "label": Property(),
        "updates": Property(),
        "version": Property(),
        "architecture": Property(),
        "xen": Property(),
        "built": Property(),
        "pvops": Property(),
    }


class Type(Base):
    """
    Linode Plan type to specify the resources available to a Linode Instance.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-type
    """

    api_endpoint = "/linode/types/{id}"
    properties = {
        "disk": Property(),
        "id": Property(identifier=True),
        "label": Property(),
        "network_out": Property(),
        "price": Property(),
        "region_prices": Property(),
        "addons": Property(),
        "memory": Property(),
        "transfer": Property(),
        "vcpus": Property(),
        "gpus": Property(),
        "successor": Property(),
        "accelerated_devices": Property(),
        # type_class is populated from the 'class' attribute of the returned JSON
    }

    def _populate(self, json):
        """
        Allows changing the name "class" in JSON to "type_class" in python
        """

        super()._populate(json)

        if json is not None and "class" in json:
            setattr(self, "type_class", json["class"])
        else:
            setattr(self, "type_class", None)

    # allow filtering on this converted type
    type_class = FilterableAttribute("class")


@dataclass
class ConfigInterfaceIPv4(JSONObject):
    """
    ConfigInterfaceIPv4 represents the IPv4 configuration of a VPC interface.
    """

    vpc: str = ""
    nat_1_1: str = ""


@dataclass
class ConfigInterfaceIPv6SLAACOptions(JSONObject):
    """
    ConfigInterfaceIPv6SLAACOptions is used to set a single IPv6 SLAAC configuration of a VPC interface.
    """

    range: str = ""


@dataclass
class ConfigInterfaceIPv6RangeOptions(JSONObject):
    """
    ConfigInterfaceIPv6RangeOptions is used to set a single IPv6 range configuration of a VPC interface.
    """

    range: str = ""


@dataclass
class ConfigInterfaceIPv6Options(JSONObject):
    """
    ConfigInterfaceIPv6Options is used to set the IPv6 configuration of a VPC interface.
    """

    slaac: List[ConfigInterfaceIPv6SLAACOptions] = field(
        default_factory=lambda: []
    )
    ranges: List[ConfigInterfaceIPv6RangeOptions] = field(
        default_factory=lambda: []
    )
    is_public: bool = False


@dataclass
class ConfigInterfaceIPv6SLAAC(JSONObject):
    """
    ConfigInterfaceIPv6SLAAC represents a single SLAAC address under a VPC interface's IPv6 configuration.
    """

    put_class = ConfigInterfaceIPv6SLAACOptions

    range: str = ""
    address: str = ""


@dataclass
class ConfigInterfaceIPv6Range(JSONObject):
    """
    ConfigInterfaceIPv6Range represents a single IPv6 address under a VPC interface's IPv6 configuration.
    """

    put_class = ConfigInterfaceIPv6RangeOptions

    range: str = ""


@dataclass
class ConfigInterfaceIPv6(JSONObject):
    """
    ConfigInterfaceIPv6 represents the IPv6 configuration of a VPC interface.
    """

    put_class = ConfigInterfaceIPv6Options

    slaac: List[ConfigInterfaceIPv6SLAAC] = field(default_factory=lambda: [])
    ranges: List[ConfigInterfaceIPv6Range] = field(default_factory=lambda: [])
    is_public: bool = False


class NetworkInterface(DerivedBase):
    """
    This class represents a Configuration Profile's network interface object.
    NOTE: This class cannot be used for the `interfaces` attribute on Config
    POST and PUT requests.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-config-interface
    """

    api_endpoint = (
        "/linode/instances/{instance_id}/configs/{config_id}/interfaces/{id}"
    )
    derived_url_path = "interfaces"
    parent_id_name = "config_id"

    properties = {
        "id": Property(identifier=True),
        "purpose": Property(),
        "label": Property(),
        "ipam_address": Property(),
        "primary": Property(mutable=True),
        "active": Property(),
        "vpc_id": Property(id_relationship=VPC),
        "subnet_id": Property(),
        "ipv4": Property(mutable=True, json_object=ConfigInterfaceIPv4),
        "ipv6": Property(mutable=True, json_object=ConfigInterfaceIPv6),
        "ip_ranges": Property(mutable=True),
    }

    def __init__(self, client, id, parent_id, instance_id=None, json=None):
        """
        We need a special constructor here because this object's parent
        has a parent itself.
        """
        if not instance_id and not isinstance(parent_id, tuple):
            raise ValueError(
                "ConfigInterface must either be created with a instance_id or a tuple of "
                "(config_id, instance_id) for parent_id!"
            )

        if isinstance(parent_id, tuple):
            instance_id = parent_id[1]
            parent_id = parent_id[0]

        DerivedBase.__init__(self, client, id, parent_id, json=json)

        self._set("instance_id", instance_id)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Interface: {self.purpose} {self.id}"

    @property
    def subnet(self) -> VPCSubnet:
        """
        Get the subnet this VPC is referencing.

        :returns: The VPCSubnet associated with this interface.
        :rtype: VPCSubnet
        """
        return VPCSubnet(self._client, self.subnet_id, self.vpc_id)


@dataclass
class InstancePlacementGroupAssignment(JSONObject):
    """
    Represents an assignment between an instance and a Placement Group.
    This is intended to be used when creating, cloning, and migrating
    instances.
    """

    id: int
    compliant_only: bool = False


@dataclass
class ConfigInterface(JSONObject):
    """
    Represents a single interface in a Configuration Profile.
    This class only contains data about a config interface.
    If you would like to access a config interface directly,
    consider using :any:`NetworkInterface`.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-config-interface
    """

    purpose: str = "public"

    # Public/VPC-specific
    primary: Optional[bool] = None

    # VLAN-specific
    label: Optional[str] = None
    ipam_address: Optional[str] = None

    # VPC-specific
    vpc_id: Optional[int] = None
    subnet_id: Optional[int] = None

    ipv4: Optional[Union[ConfigInterfaceIPv4, Dict[str, Any]]] = None
    ipv6: Optional[Union[ConfigInterfaceIPv6, Dict[str, Any]]] = None

    ip_ranges: Optional[List[str]] = None

    # Computed
    id: int = 0

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Interface: {self.purpose}"

    def _serialize(self, is_put: bool = False):
        purpose_formats = {
            "public": {"purpose": "public", "primary": self.primary},
            "vlan": {
                "purpose": "vlan",
                "label": self.label,
                "ipam_address": self.ipam_address,
            },
            "vpc": {
                "purpose": "vpc",
                "primary": self.primary,
                "subnet_id": self.subnet_id,
                "ipv4": self.ipv4,
                "ipv6": self.ipv6,
                "ip_ranges": self.ip_ranges,
            },
        }

        if self.purpose not in purpose_formats:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Unknown interface purpose: {self.purpose}",
            )

        return _flatten_request_body_recursive(
            {
                k: v
                for k, v in purpose_formats[self.purpose].items()
                if v is not None
            },
            is_put=is_put,
        )


class Config(DerivedBase):
    """
    A Configuration Profile for a Linode Instance.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-config
    """

    api_endpoint = "/linode/instances/{linode_id}/configs/{id}"
    derived_url_path = "configs"
    parent_id_name = "linode_id"

    properties = {
        "id": Property(identifier=True),
        "linode_id": Property(identifier=True),
        "helpers": Property(mutable=True),
        "created": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "root_device": Property(mutable=True),
        "kernel": Property(relationship=Kernel, mutable=True),
        "devices": Property(),  # TODO: mutable=True),
        "initrd": Property(relationship=Disk),
        "updated": Property(),
        "comments": Property(mutable=True),
        "label": Property(mutable=True),
        "run_level": Property(mutable=True),
        "virt_mode": Property(mutable=True),
        "memory_limit": Property(mutable=True),
        "interfaces": Property(mutable=True, json_object=ConfigInterface),
    }

    @property
    def network_interfaces(self):
        """
        Returns the Network Interfaces for this Configuration Profile.
        This differs from the `interfaces` field as each NetworkInterface
        object is treated as its own API object.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-config-interfaces
        """

        return [
            NetworkInterface(
                self._client, v.id, self.id, instance_id=self.linode_id
            )
            for v in self.interfaces
        ]

    def _populate(self, json):
        """
        Map devices more nicely while populating.
        """
        if json is None or len(json) < 1:
            return

        # needed here to avoid circular imports
        from .volume import Volume  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel

        DerivedBase._populate(self, json)

        devices = {}
        for device_index, device in json["devices"].items():
            if not device:
                devices[device_index] = None
                continue

            dev = None
            if "disk_id" in device and device["disk_id"]:  # this is a disk
                dev = Disk.make_instance(
                    device["disk_id"], self._client, parent_id=self.linode_id
                )
            else:
                dev = Volume.make_instance(
                    device["volume_id"], self._client, parent_id=self.linode_id
                )
            devices[device_index] = dev

        self._set("devices", MappedObject(**devices))

    def _serialize(self, is_put: bool = False):
        """
        Overrides _serialize to transform interfaces into json
        """
        partial = DerivedBase._serialize(self, is_put=is_put)
        interfaces = []

        for c in self.interfaces:
            if isinstance(c, ConfigInterface):
                interfaces.append(c._serialize(is_put=is_put))
            else:
                interfaces.append(c)

        partial["interfaces"] = interfaces
        return partial

    def interface_create_public(self, primary=False) -> NetworkInterface:
        """
        Creates a public interface for this Configuration Profile.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-linode-config-interface

        :param primary: Whether this interface is a primary interface.
        :type primary: bool

        :returns: The newly created NetworkInterface.
        :rtype: NetworkInterface

        """
        return self._interface_create({"purpose": "public", "primary": primary})

    def interface_create_vlan(
        self, label: str, ipam_address=None
    ) -> NetworkInterface:
        """
        Creates a VLAN interface for this Configuration Profile.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-linode-config-interface

        :param label: The label of the VLAN to associate this interface with.
        :type label: str
        :param ipam_address: The IPAM address of this interface for the associated VLAN.
        :type ipam_address: str

        :returns: The newly created NetworkInterface.
        :rtype: NetworkInterface
        """
        params = {
            "purpose": "vlan",
            "label": label,
        }
        if ipam_address is not None:
            params["ipam_address"] = ipam_address

        return self._interface_create(params)

    def interface_create_vpc(
        self,
        subnet: Union[int, VPCSubnet],
        primary=False,
        ipv4: Union[Dict[str, Any], ConfigInterfaceIPv4] = None,
        ipv6: Union[Dict[str, Any], ConfigInterfaceIPv6Options] = None,
        ip_ranges: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    ) -> NetworkInterface:
        """
        Creates a VPC interface for this Configuration Profile.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-linode-config-interface

        :param subnet: The VPC subnet to associate this interface with.
        :type subnet: int or VPCSubnet
        :param primary: Whether this is a primary interface.
        :type primary: bool
        :param ipv4: The IPv4 configuration of the interface for the associated subnet.
        :type ipv4: Dict or ConfigInterfaceIPv4
        :param ipv6: The IPv6 configuration of the interface for the associated subnet.
        :type ipv6: Dict or ConfigInterfaceIPv6Options
        :param ip_ranges: A list of IPs or IP ranges in the VPC subnet.
                          Packets to these CIDRs are routed through the
                          VPC network interface.
        :type ip_ranges: List of str

        :returns: The newly created NetworkInterface.
        :rtype: NetworkInterface
        """
        params = {
            "purpose": "vpc",
            "subnet_id": subnet,
            "primary": primary,
            "ipv4": ipv4,
            "ipv6": ipv6,
            "ip_ranges": ip_ranges,
        }

        return self._interface_create(
            drop_null_keys(_flatten_request_body_recursive(params))
        )

    def interface_reorder(self, interfaces: List[Union[int, NetworkInterface]]):
        """
        Change the order of the interfaces for this Configuration Profile.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-linode-config-interfaces

        :param interfaces: A list of interfaces in the desired order.
        :type interfaces: List of str or NetworkInterface
        """
        ids = [
            v.id if isinstance(v, NetworkInterface) else v for v in interfaces
        ]

        self._client.post(
            "{}/interfaces/order".format(Config.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data={"ids": ids},
        )
        self.invalidate()

    def _interface_create(self, body: Dict[str, Any]) -> NetworkInterface:
        """
        The underlying ConfigInterface creation API call.
        """
        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/interfaces".format(Config.api_endpoint), model=self, data=body
        )
        self.invalidate()

        if not "id" in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response creating Interface", json=result
            )

        i = NetworkInterface(
            self._client, result["id"], self.id, self.linode_id, result
        )
        return i


class MigrationType:
    COLD = "cold"
    WARM = "warm"


class InterfaceGeneration(StrEnum):
    """
    A string enum representing which interface generation a Linode is using.
    """

    LEGACY_CONFIG = "legacy_config"
    LINODE = "linode"


@dataclass
class UpgradeInterfacesResult(JSONObject):
    """
    Contains information about an Linode Interface upgrade operation.

    NOTE: If dry_run is True, each returned interface will be of type Dict[str, Any].
          Otherwise, each returned interface will be of type LinodeInterface.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-upgrade-linode-interfaces
    """

    dry_run: bool = False
    config_id: int = 0
    interfaces: List[Union[Dict[str, Any], LinodeInterface]] = field(
        default_factory=list
    )


class Instance(Base):
    """
    A Linode Instance.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-instance
    """

    api_endpoint = "/linode/instances/{id}"
    properties = {
        "id": Property(identifier=True),
        "label": Property(mutable=True),
        "group": Property(mutable=True),
        "status": Property(volatile=True),
        "created": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "updated": Property(volatile=True, is_datetime=True),
        "region": Property(slug_relationship=Region),
        "alerts": Property(mutable=True),
        "image": Property(slug_relationship=Image),
        "disks": Property(derived_class=Disk),
        "configs": Property(derived_class=Config),
        "type": Property(slug_relationship=Type),
        "backups": Property(mutable=True),
        "ipv4": Property(unordered=True),
        "ipv6": Property(),
        "hypervisor": Property(),
        "specs": Property(),
        "tags": Property(mutable=True, unordered=True),
        "host_uuid": Property(),
        "watchdog_enabled": Property(mutable=True),
        "has_user_data": Property(),
        "disk_encryption": Property(),
        "lke_cluster_id": Property(),
        "capabilities": Property(unordered=True),
        "interface_generation": Property(),
        "maintenance_policy": Property(mutable=True),
        "locks": Property(unordered=True),
    }

    @property
    def ips(self):
        """
        The ips related collection is not normalized like the others, so we have to
        make an ad-hoc object to return for its response

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-ips

        :returns: Information about the IP addresses assigned to this instance.
        :rtype: MappedObject
        """
        if not hasattr(self, "_ips"):
            result = self._client.get(
                "{}/ips".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
            )

            if not "ipv4" in result:
                raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                    "Unexpected response loading IPs", json=result
                )

            v4pub = []
            for c in result["ipv4"]["public"]:
                i = IPAddress(self._client, c["address"], c)
                v4pub.append(i)

            v4pri = []
            for c in result["ipv4"]["private"]:
                i = IPAddress(self._client, c["address"], c)
                v4pri.append(i)

            shared_ips = []
            for c in result["ipv4"]["shared"]:
                i = IPAddress(self._client, c["address"], c)
                shared_ips.append(i)

            reserved = []
            for c in result["ipv4"]["reserved"]:
                i = IPAddress(self._client, c["address"], c)
                reserved.append(i)

            vpc = [
                VPCIPAddress.from_json(v) for v in result["ipv4"].get("vpc", [])
            ]

            slaac = IPAddress(
                self._client,
                result["ipv6"]["slaac"]["address"],
                result["ipv6"]["slaac"],
            )
            link_local = IPAddress(
                self._client,
                result["ipv6"]["link_local"]["address"],
                result["ipv6"]["link_local"],
            )

            ranges = [
                IPv6Range(self._client, r["range"])
                for r in result["ipv6"]["global"]
            ]

            ips = MappedObject(
                **{
                    "ipv4": {
                        "public": v4pub,
                        "private": v4pri,
                        "shared": shared_ips,
                        "reserved": reserved,
                        "vpc": vpc,
                    },
                    "ipv6": {
                        "slaac": slaac,
                        "link_local": link_local,
                        "ranges": ranges,
                    },
                }
            )

            self._set("_ips", ips)

        return self._ips

    @property
    def available_backups(self):
        """
        The backups response contains what backups are available to be restored.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-backups

        :returns: A List of the available backups for the Linode Instance.
        :rtype: List[Backup]
        """
        if not hasattr(self, "_avail_backups"):
            result = self._client.get(
                "{}/backups".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
            )

            if not "automatic" in result:
                raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                    "Unexpected response loading available backups!",
                    json=result,
                )

            automatic = []
            for a in result["automatic"]:
                cur = Backup(self._client, a["id"], self.id, a)
                automatic.append(cur)

            snap = None
            if result["snapshot"]["current"]:
                snap = Backup(
                    self._client,
                    result["snapshot"]["current"]["id"],
                    self.id,
                    result["snapshot"]["current"],
                )

            psnap = None
            if result["snapshot"]["in_progress"]:
                psnap = Backup(
                    self._client,
                    result["snapshot"]["in_progress"]["id"],
                    self.id,
                    result["snapshot"]["in_progress"],
                )

            self._set(
                "_avail_backups",
                MappedObject(
                    **{
                        "automatic": automatic,
                        "snapshot": {
                            "current": snap,
                            "in_progress": psnap,
                        },
                    }
                ),
            )

        return self._avail_backups

    def reset_instance_root_password(self, root_password=None):
        """
        Resets the root password for this Linode.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-reset-linode-password

        :param root_password: The root user’s password on this Linode. Linode passwords must
                              meet a password strength score requirement that is calculated internally
                              by the API. If the strength requirement is not met, you will receive a
                              Password does not meet strength requirement error.
        :type: root_password: str
        """
        rpass = root_password
        if not rpass:
            rpass = Instance.generate_root_password()

        params = {
            "root_pass": rpass,
        }

        self._client.post(
            "{}/password".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self, data=params
        )

    def transfer_year_month(self, year, month):
        """
        Get per-linode transfer for specified month

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-transfer-by-year-month

        :param year: Numeric value representing the year to look up.
        :type: year: int

        :param month: Numeric value representing the month to look up.
        :type: month: int

        :returns: The network transfer statistics for the specified month.
        :rtype: MappedObject
        """

        result = self._client.get(
            "{}/transfer/{}/{}".format(
                Instance.api_endpoint,
                parse.quote(str(year)),
                parse.quote(str(month)),
            ),
            model=self,
        )

        return MappedObject(**result)

    @property
    def transfer(self):
        """
        Get per-linode transfer

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-transfer

        :returns: The network transfer statistics for the current month.
        :rtype: MappedObject
        """
        if not hasattr(self, "_transfer"):
            result = self._client.get(
                "{}/transfer".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
            )

            if not "used" in result:
                raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                    "Unexpected response when getting Transfer Pool!"
                )

            mapped = MappedObject(**result)

            setattr(self, "_transfer", mapped)

        return self._transfer

    @property
    def placement_group(self) -> Optional["PlacementGroup"]:
        """
        Returns the PlacementGroup object for the Instance.

        :returns: The Placement Group this instance is under.
        :rtype: Optional[PlacementGroup]
        """
        # Workaround to avoid circular import
        from linode_api4.objects.placement import (  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
            PlacementGroup,
        )

        if not hasattr(self, "_placement_group"):
            # Refresh the instance if necessary
            if not self._populated:
                self._api_get()

            pg_data = self._raw_json.get("placement_group", None)

            if pg_data is None:
                return None

            setattr(
                self,
                "_placement_group",
                PlacementGroup(self._client, pg_data.get("id"), json=pg_data),
            )

        return self._placement_group

    def _populate(self, json):
        if json is not None:
            # fixes ipv4 and ipv6 attribute of json to make base._populate work
            if "ipv4" in json and "address" in json["ipv4"]:
                json["ipv4"]["id"] = json["ipv4"]["address"]
            if "ipv6" in json and isinstance(json["ipv6"], list):
                for j in json["ipv6"]:
                    j["id"] = j["range"]

        Base._populate(self, json)

    def invalidate(self):
        """Clear out cached properties"""
        if hasattr(self, "_avail_backups"):
            del self._avail_backups

        if hasattr(self, "_ips"):
            del self._ips

        if hasattr(self, "_transfer"):
            del self._transfer

        if hasattr(self, "_placement_group"):
            del self._placement_group

        if hasattr(self, "_interfaces"):
            del self._interfaces

        Base.invalidate(self)

    def boot(self, config=None):
        """
        Boots a Linode you have permission to modify. If no parameters are given, a Config
        profile will be chosen for this boot based on the following criteria:

            - If there is only one Config profile for this Linode, it will be used.
            - If there is more than one Config profile, the last booted config will be used.
            - If there is more than one Config profile and none were the last to be booted
              (because the Linode was never booted or the last booted config was deleted)
              an error will be returned.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-boot-linode-instance

        :param config: The Linode Config ID to boot into.
        :type: config: int

        :returns: True if the operation was successful.
        :rtype: bool
        """

        resp = self._client.post(
            "{}/boot".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data={"config_id": config.id} if config else None,
        )

        if "error" in resp:
            return False
        return True

    def shutdown(self):
        """
        Shuts down a Linode you have permission to modify. If any actions
        are currently running or queued, those actions must be completed
        first before you can initiate a shutdown.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-shutdown-linode-instance

        :returns: True if the operation was successful.
        :rtype: bool
        """

        resp = self._client.post(
            "{}/shutdown".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )

        if "error" in resp:
            return False
        return True

    def reboot(self):
        """
        Reboots a Linode you have permission to modify. If any actions are currently running
        or queued, those actions must be completed first before you can initiate a reboot.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-reboot-linode-instance

        :returns: True if the operation was successful.
        :rtype: bool
        """

        resp = self._client.post(
            "{}/reboot".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )

        if "error" in resp:
            return False
        return True

    def resize(
        self,
        new_type,
        allow_auto_disk_resize=True,
        migration_type: MigrationType = MigrationType.COLD,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Resizes a Linode you have the read_write permission to a different Type. If any
        actions are currently running or queued, those actions must be completed first
        before you can initiate a resize. Additionally, the following criteria must be
        met in order to resize a Linode:

            - The Linode must not have a pending migration.
            - Your Account cannot have an outstanding balance.
            - The Linode must not have more disk allocation than the new Type allows.
                - In that situation, you must first delete or resize the disk to be smaller.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-resize-linode-instance

        :param new_type: The Linode Type or the id representing it.
        :type: new_type: Type or int

        :param allow_auto_disk_resize: Automatically resize disks when resizing a Linode.
                                       When resizing down to a smaller plan your Linode’s
                                       data must fit within the smaller disk size. Defaults to true.
        :type: allow_auto_disk_resize: bool

        :param migration_type: Type of migration to be used when resizing a Linode.
                               Customers can choose between warm and cold, the default type is cold.
        :type: migration_type: str

        :returns: True if the operation was successful.
        :rtype: bool
        """

        params = {
            "type": new_type,
            "allow_auto_disk_resize": allow_auto_disk_resize,
            "migration_type": migration_type,
        }
        params.update(kwargs)

        resp = self._client.post(
            "{}/resize".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(params),
        )

        if "error" in resp:
            return False
        return True

    @staticmethod
    def generate_root_password():
        def _func(value):
            if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
                value = int(value.encode("hex"), 16)
            return value

        password = "".join(
            [
                PASSWORD_CHARS[_func(c) % len(PASSWORD_CHARS)]
                for c in urandom(randint(50, 110))
            ]
        )

        # ensure the generated password is not too long
        if len(password) > 110:
            password = password[:110]

        return password

    # create derived objects
    def config_create(
        self,
        kernel=None,
        label=None,
        devices=[],
        disks=[],
        volumes=[],
        interfaces=[],
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Creates a Linode Config with the given attributes.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-add-linode-config

        :param kernel: The kernel to boot with.
        :param label: The config label
        :param disks: The list of disks, starting at sda, to map to this config.
        :param volumes: The volumes, starting after the last disk, to map to this
            config
        :param devices: A list of devices to assign to this config, in device
            index order.  Values must be of type Disk or Volume. If this is
            given, you may not include disks or volumes.
        :param **kwargs: Any other arguments accepted by the api.

        :returns: A new Linode Config
        """
        # needed here to avoid circular imports
        from .volume import Volume  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel

        hypervisor_prefix = "sd" if self.hypervisor == "kvm" else "xvd"
        device_names = [
            hypervisor_prefix + string.ascii_lowercase[i] for i in range(0, 8)
        ]
        device_map = {
            device_names[i]: None for i in range(0, len(device_names))
        }

        if devices and (disks or volumes):
            raise ValueError(
                'You may not call config_create with "devices" and '
                'either of "disks" or "volumes" specified!'
            )

        if not devices:
            if not isinstance(disks, list):
                disks = [disks]
            if not isinstance(volumes, list):
                volumes = [volumes]

            devices = []

            for d in disks:
                if d is None:
                    devices.append(None)
                elif isinstance(d, Disk):
                    devices.append(d)
                else:
                    devices.append(Disk(self._client, int(d), self.id))

            for v in volumes:
                if v is None:
                    devices.append(None)
                elif isinstance(v, Volume):
                    devices.append(v)
                else:
                    devices.append(Volume(self._client, int(v)))

        if not devices:
            raise ValueError("Must include at least one disk or volume!")

        for i, d in enumerate(devices):
            if d is None:
                pass
            elif isinstance(d, Disk):
                device_map[device_names[i]] = {"disk_id": d.id}
            elif isinstance(d, Volume):
                device_map[device_names[i]] = {"volume_id": d.id}
            else:
                raise TypeError("Disk or Volume expected!")

        param_interfaces = []
        for interface in interfaces:
            if isinstance(interface, ConfigInterface):
                interface = interface._serialize()
            param_interfaces.append(interface)

        params = {
            "kernel": kernel,
            "label": (
                label
                if label
                else "{}_config_{}".format(self.label, len(self.configs))
            ),
            "devices": device_map,
            "interfaces": param_interfaces,
        }
        params.update(kwargs)

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/configs".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(params),
        )
        self.invalidate()

        if not "id" in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response creating config!", json=result
            )

        c = Config(self._client, result["id"], self.id, result)
        return c

    def disk_create(
        self,
        size,
        label=None,
        filesystem=None,
        read_only=False,
        image=None,
        root_pass=None,
        authorized_keys=None,
        authorized_users=None,
        disk_encryption: Optional[
            Union[InstanceDiskEncryptionType, str]
        ] = None,
        stackscript=None,
        **stackscript_args,
    ):
        """
        Creates a new Disk for this Instance.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-add-linode-disk

        :param size: The size of the disk, in MB
        :param label: The label of the disk.  If not given, a default label will be generated.
        :param filesystem: The filesystem type for the disk.  If not given, the default
                           for the image deployed the disk will be used.  Required
                           if creating a disk without an image.
        :param read_only: If True, creates a read-only disk
        :param image: The Image to deploy to the disk.
        :param root_pass: The password to configure for the root user when deploying an
                          image to this disk.  Not used if image is not given.  If an
                          image is given and root_pass is not, a password will be
                          generated and returned alongside the new disk.
        :param authorized_keys: A list of SSH keys to install as trusted for the root user.
        :param authorized_users: A list of usernames whose keys should be installed
                                 as trusted for the root user.  These user's keys
                                 should already be set up, see :any:`ProfileGroup.ssh_keys`
                                 for details.
        :param disk_encryption: The disk encryption policy for this Linode.
                                NOTE: Disk encryption may not currently be available to all users.
        :type disk_encryption: InstanceDiskEncryptionType or str
        :param stackscript: A StackScript object, or the ID of one, to deploy to this
                            disk.  Requires deploying a compatible image.
        :param **stackscript_args: Any arguments to pass to the StackScript, as defined
                                   by its User Defined Fields.
        """

        gen_pass = None
        if image and not root_pass:
            gen_pass = Instance.generate_root_password()
            root_pass = gen_pass

        authorized_keys = load_and_validate_keys(authorized_keys)

        if image and not label:
            label = "My {} Disk".format(image.label)

        params = {
            "size": size,
            "label": (
                label
                if label
                else "{}_disk_{}".format(self.label, len(self.disks))
            ),
            "read_only": read_only,
            "filesystem": filesystem,
            "authorized_keys": authorized_keys,
            "authorized_users": authorized_users,
            "stackscript_id": stackscript,
        }

        if disk_encryption is not None:
            params["disk_encryption"] = str(disk_encryption)

        if image:
            params.update(
                {
                    "image": image,
                    "root_pass": root_pass,
                }
            )

        if stackscript_args:
            params["stackscript_data"] = stackscript_args

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/disks".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(drop_null_keys(params)),
        )
        self.invalidate()

        if not "id" in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response creating disk!", json=result
            )

        d = Disk(self._client, result["id"], self.id, result)

        if gen_pass:
            return d, gen_pass
        return d

    def enable_backups(self):
        """
        Enable Backups for this Instance.  When enabled, we will automatically
        backup your Instance's data so that it can be restored at a later date.
        For more information on Instance's Backups service and pricing, see our
        Backups Page: https://www.linode.com/backups

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-enable-backups

        :returns: True if the operation was successful.
        :rtype: bool
        """
        self._client.post(
            "{}/backups/enable".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )
        self.invalidate()
        return True

    def cancel_backups(self):
        """
        Cancels Backups for this Instance.  All existing Backups will be lost,
        including any snapshots that have been taken.  This cannot be undone,
        but Backups can be re-enabled at a later date.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-cancel-backups

        :returns: True if the operation was successful.
        :rtype: bool
        """
        self._client.post(
            "{}/backups/cancel".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )
        self.invalidate()
        return True

    def snapshot(self, label=None):
        """
        Creates a snapshot Backup of a Linode.

        Important: If you already have a snapshot of this Linode, this
        is a destructive action. The previous snapshot will be deleted.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-snapshot

        :param label: The label for the new snapshot.
        :type: label: str

        :returns: The snapshot Backup created.
        :rtype: Backup
        """

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/backups".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data={"label": label},
        )

        if not "id" in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response taking snapshot!", json=result
            )

        # so the changes show up the next time they're accessed
        if hasattr(self, "_avail_backups"):
            del self._avail_backups

        b = Backup(self._client, result["id"], self.id, result)
        return b

    def ip_allocate(self, public=False):
        """
        Allocates a new :any:`IPAddress` for this Instance.  Additional public
        IPs require justification, and you may need to open a :any:`SupportTicket`
        before you can add one.  You may only have, at most, one private IP per
        Instance.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-add-linode-ip

        :param public: If the new IP should be public or private.  Defaults to
                       private.
        :type public: bool

        :returns: The new IPAddress
        :rtype: IPAddress
        """
        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/ips".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data={
                "type": "ipv4",
                "public": public,
            },
        )

        if not "address" in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response allocating IP!", json=result
            )

        i = IPAddress(self._client, result["address"], result)
        return i

    def rebuild(
        self,
        image,
        root_pass=None,
        authorized_keys=None,
        disk_encryption: Optional[
            Union[InstanceDiskEncryptionType, str]
        ] = None,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Rebuilding an Instance deletes all existing Disks and Configs and deploys
        a new :any:`Image` to it.  This can be used to reset an existing
        Instance or to install an Image on an empty Instance.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-rebuild-linode-instance

        :param image: The Image to deploy to this Instance
        :type image: str or Image
        :param root_pass: The root password for the newly rebuilt Instance.  If
                          omitted, a password will be generated and returned.
        :type root_pass: str
        :param authorized_keys: The ssh public keys to install in the linode's
                                /root/.ssh/authorized_keys file.  Each entry may
                                be a single key, or a path to a file containing
                                the key.
        :type authorized_keys: list or str
        :param disk_encryption: The disk encryption policy for this Linode.
                                NOTE: Disk encryption may not currently be available to all users.
        :type disk_encryption: InstanceDiskEncryptionType or str

        :returns: The newly generated password, if one was not provided
                  (otherwise True)
        :rtype: str or bool
        """
        ret_pass = None
        if not root_pass:
            ret_pass = Instance.generate_root_password()
            root_pass = ret_pass

        authorized_keys = load_and_validate_keys(authorized_keys)

        params = {
            "image": image,
            "root_pass": root_pass,
            "authorized_keys": authorized_keys,
            "disk_encryption": (
                str(disk_encryption) if disk_encryption else None
            ),
        }

        params.update(kwargs)

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/rebuild".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(drop_null_keys(params)),
        )

        if not "id" in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response issuing rebuild!", json=result
            )

        # update ourself with the newly-returned information
        self._populate(result)

        if not ret_pass:
            return True
        else:
            return ret_pass

    def rescue(self, *disks):
        """
        Rescue Mode is a safe environment for performing many system recovery and disk management
        tasks. Rescue Mode is based on the Finnix recovery distribution, a self-contained and bootable
        Linux distribution. You can also use Rescue Mode for tasks other than disaster recovery,
        such as formatting disks to use different filesystems, copying data between disks, and
        downloading files from a disk via SSH and SFTP.

        Note that “sdh” is reserved and unavailable during rescue.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-rescue-linode-instance

        :param disks: Devices that are either Disks or Volumes
        :type: disks: dict

        Example usage:
            disks = {
                "sda": {
                    "disk_id": 124458,
                    "volume_id": null
                },
                "sdb": {
                    "disk_id": null,
                    "volume_id": null
                }
            }
        """

        if disks:
            disks = {
                x: {"disk_id": y}
                for x, y in zip(
                    ("sda", "sdb", "sdc", "sdd", "sde", "sdf", "sdg"), disks
                )
            }
        else:
            disks = None

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/rescue".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data={"devices": disks},
        )

        return result

    def mutate(self, allow_auto_disk_resize=True):
        """
        Upgrades this Instance to the latest generation type

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-mutate-linode-instance

        :param allow_auto_disk_resize: Automatically resize disks when resizing a Linode.
                                       When resizing down to a smaller plan your Linode’s
                                       data must fit within the smaller disk size. Defaults to true.
        :type: allow_auto_disk_resize: bool

        :returns: True if the operation was successful.
        :rtype: bool
        """

        params = {"allow_auto_disk_resize": allow_auto_disk_resize}

        self._client.post(
            "{}/mutate".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self, data=params
        )

        return True

    def initiate_migration(
        self,
        region=None,
        upgrade=None,
        migration_type: MigrationType = MigrationType.COLD,
        placement_group: Union[
            InstancePlacementGroupAssignment, Dict[str, Any], int
        ] = None,
    ):
        """
        Initiates a pending migration that is already scheduled for this Linode
        Instance

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-migrate-linode-instance

        :param region: The region to which the Linode will be migrated. Must be a valid region slug.
                       A list of regions can be viewed by using the GET /regions endpoint. A cross data
                       center migration will cancel a pending migration that has not yet been initiated.
                       A cross data center migration will initiate a linode_migrate_datacenter_create event.
        :type: region: str

        :param upgrade: When initiating a cross DC migration, setting this value to true will also ensure
                        that the Linode is upgraded to the latest generation of hardware that corresponds to
                        your Linode’s Type, if any free upgrades are available for it. If no free upgrades
                        are available, and this value is set to true, then the endpoint will return a 400
                        error code and the migration will not be performed. If the data center set in the
                        region field does not allow upgrades, then the endpoint will return a 400 error
                        code and the migration will not be performed.
        :type: upgrade: bool

        :param migration_type: The type of migration that will be used for this Linode migration.
                               Customers can only use this param when activating a support-created migration.
                               Customers can choose between a cold and warm migration, cold is the default type.
        :type: migration_type: str

        :param placement_group: Information about the placement group to create this instance under.
        :type placement_group: Union[InstancePlacementGroupAssignment, Dict[str, Any], int]
        """

        params = {
            "region": region,
            "upgrade": upgrade,
            "type": migration_type,
            "placement_group": _expand_placement_group_assignment(
                placement_group
            ),
        }

        self._client.post(
            "{}/migrate".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(drop_null_keys(params)),
        )

    def firewalls(self):
        """
        View Firewall information for Firewalls associated with this Linode.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-firewalls

        :returns: A List of Firewalls of the Linode Instance.
        :rtype: List[Firewall]
        """

        result = self._client.get(
            "{}/firewalls".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )

        return [
            Firewall(self._client, firewall["id"])
            for firewall in result["data"]
        ]

    def apply_firewalls(self):
        """
        Reapply assigned firewalls to a Linode in case they were not applied successfully.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-apply-firewalls

        :returns: Returns True if the operation was successful
        :rtype: bool
        """

        self._client.post(
            "{}/firewalls/apply".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )

        return True

    def nodebalancers(self):
        """
        View a list of NodeBalancers that are assigned to this Linode and readable by the requesting User.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-node-balancers

        :returns: A List of Nodebalancers of the Linode Instance.
        :rtype: List[Nodebalancer]
        """

        result = self._client.get(
            "{}/nodebalancers".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )

        return [
            NodeBalancer(self._client, nodebalancer["id"])
            for nodebalancer in result["data"]
        ]

    def volumes(self):
        """
        View Block Storage Volumes attached to this Linode.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-volumes

        :returns: A List of Volumes of the Linode Instance.
        :rtype: List[Volume]
        """
        from linode_api4.objects import (  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
            Volume,
        )

        result = self._client.get(
            "{}/volumes".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )

        return [Volume(self._client, volume["id"]) for volume in result["data"]]

    def clone(
        self,
        to_linode=None,
        region=None,
        instance_type=None,
        configs=[],
        disks=[],
        label=None,
        group=None,
        with_backups=None,
        placement_group: Union[
            InstancePlacementGroupAssignment,
            "PlacementGroup",
            Dict[str, Any],
            int,
        ] = None,
    ):
        """
        Clones this linode into a new linode or into a new linode in the given region

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-clone-linode-instance

        :param to_linode: If an existing Linode is the target for the clone, the ID of that
                          Linode. The existing Linode must have enough resources to accept the clone.
        :type: to_linode: int

        :param region: This is the Region where the Linode will be deployed. Region can only be
                       provided and is required when cloning to a new Linode.
        :type: region: str

        :param instance_type: A Linode’s Type determines what resources are available to it, including disk space,
                              memory, and virtual cpus. The amounts available to a specific Linode are
                              returned as specs on the Linode object.
        :type: instance_type: str

        :param configs: An array of configuration profile IDs.
        :type: configs: List of int

        :param disks: An array of disk IDs.
        :type: disks: List of int

        :param label: The label to assign this Linode when cloning to a new Linode.
        :type: label: str

        :param group: A label used to group Linodes for display. Linodes are not required to have a group.
        :type: group: str

        :param with_backups: If this field is set to true, the created Linode will automatically be
                             enrolled in the Linode Backup service. This will incur an additional charge.
        :type: with_backups: bool

        :param placement_group: Information about the placement group to create this instance under.
        :type placement_group: Union[InstancePlacementGroupAssignment, PlacementGroup, Dict[str, Any], int]

        :returns: The cloned Instance.
        :rtype: Instance
        """
        if to_linode and region:
            raise ValueError(
                'You may only specify one of "to_linode" and "region"'
            )

        if region and not type:
            raise ValueError('Specifying a region requires a "service" as well')

        if not isinstance(configs, list) and not isinstance(
            configs, PaginatedList
        ):
            configs = [configs]
        if not isinstance(disks, list) and not isinstance(disks, PaginatedList):
            disks = [disks]

        params = {
            "linode_id": to_linode,
            "region": region,
            "type": instance_type,
            "configs": configs,
            "disks": disks,
            "label": label,
            "group": group,
            "with_backups": with_backups,
            "placement_group": _expand_placement_group_assignment(
                placement_group
            ),
        }

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/clone".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(drop_null_keys(params)),
        )

        if not "id" in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response cloning Instance!", json=result
            )

        l = Instance(self._client, result["id"], result)
        return l

    @property
    def stats(self):
        """
        Returns the JSON stats for this Instance

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-stats

        :returns: The JSON stats for this Instance
        :rtype: dict
        """
        # TODO - this would be nicer if we formatted the stats
        return self._client.get(
            "{}/stats".format(Instance.api_endpoint), model=self
        )

    @property
    def lke_cluster(self) -> Optional["LKECluster"]:
        """
        Returns the LKE Cluster this Instance is a node of.

        :returns: The LKE Cluster this Instance is a node of.
        :rtype: Optional[LKECluster]
        """

        # Local import to prevent circular dependency
        from linode_api4.objects.lke import (  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
            LKECluster,
        )

        return LKECluster(self._client, self.lke_cluster_id)

    def stats_for(self, dt):
        """
        Returns stats for the month containing the given datetime

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-stats-by-year-month

        :param dt: A Datetime for which to return statistics
        :type: dt: Datetime

        :returns: The JSON stats for this Instance at the specified Datetime
        :rtype: dict
        """
        # TODO - this would be nicer if we formatted the stats
        if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
            raise TypeError("stats_for requires a datetime object!")
        return self._client.get(
            "{}/stats/{}".format(
                Instance.api_endpoint, parse.quote(dt.strftime("%Y/%m"))
            ),
            model=self,
        )

    def interface_create(
        self,
        firewall: Optional[Union[Firewall, int]] = None,
        default_route: Optional[
            Union[Dict[str, Any], LinodeInterfaceDefaultRouteOptions]
        ] = None,
        public: Optional[
            Union[Dict[str, Any], LinodeInterfacePublicOptions]
        ] = None,
        vlan: Optional[
            Union[Dict[str, Any], LinodeInterfaceVLANOptions]
        ] = None,
        vpc: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], LinodeInterfaceVPCOptions]] = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> LinodeInterface:
        """
        Creates a new interface under this Linode.
        Linode interfaces are not interchangeable with Config interfaces.

        NOTE: Linode interfaces may not currently be available to all users.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-linode-interface

        Example: Creating a simple public interface for this Linode::

            interface = instance.interface_create(
                default_route=LinodeInterfaceDefaultRouteOptions(
                    ipv4=True,
                    ipv6=True
                ),
                public=LinodeInterfacePublicOptions()
            )

        Example: Creating a simple VPC interface for this Linode::

            interface = instance.interface_create(
                default_route=LinodeInterfaceDefaultRouteOptions(
                    ipv4=True
                ),
                vpc=LinodeInterfaceVPCOptions(
                    subnet_id=12345
                )
            )

        Example: Creating a simple VLAN interface for this Linode::

            interface = instance.interface_create(
                default_route=LinodeInterfaceDefaultRouteOptions(
                    ipv4=True
                ),
                vlan=LinodeInterfaceVLANOptions(
                    vlan_label="my-vlan"
                )
            )

        :param firewall: The firewall this interface should be assigned to.
        :param default_route: The desired default route configuration of the new interface.
        :param public: The public-specific configuration of the new interface.
                    If set, the new instance will be a public interface.
        :param vlan: The VLAN-specific configuration of the new interface.
                  If set, the new instance will be a VLAN interface.
        :param vpc: The VPC-specific configuration of the new interface.
                    If set, the new instance will be a VPC interface.

        :returns: The newly created Linode Interface.
        :rtype: LinodeInterface
        """

        params = {
            "firewall_id": firewall,
            "default_route": default_route,
            "public": public,
            "vlan": vlan,
            "vpc": vpc,
        }

        params.update(kwargs)

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/interfaces".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=drop_null_keys(_flatten_request_body_recursive(params)),
        )

        if "id" not in result:
            raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                "Unexpected response creating interface!", json=result
            )

        return LinodeInterface(self._client, result["id"], self.id, json=result)

    @property
    def interfaces_settings(self) -> LinodeInterfacesSettings:
        """
        The settings for all interfaces under this Linode.

        NOTE: Linode interfaces may not currently be available to all users.

        :returns: The settings for instance-level interface settings for this Linode.
        :rtype: LinodeInterfacesSettings
        """

        # NOTE: We do not implement this as a Property because Property does
        # not currently have a mechanism for 1:1 sub-entities.

        if not hasattr(self, "_interfaces_settings"):
            self._set(
                "_interfaces_settings",
                # We don't use lazy loading here because it can trigger a known issue
                # where setting fields for updates before the entity has been lazy loaded
                # causes the user's value to be discarded.
                self._client.load(LinodeInterfacesSettings, self.id),
            )

        return self._interfaces_settings

    @property
    def linode_interfaces(self) -> Optional[list[LinodeInterface]]:
        """
        All interfaces for this Linode.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-linode-interface

        :returns: An ordered list of linode interfaces under this Linode. If the linode is with legacy config interfaces, returns None.
        :rtype: Optional[list[LinodeInterface]]
        """

        if self.interface_generation != InterfaceGeneration.LINODE:
            return None

        if not hasattr(self, "_interfaces"):
            result = self._client.get(
                "{}/interfaces".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
                model=self,
            )
            if "interfaces" not in result:
                raise UnexpectedResponseError(
                    "Got unexpected response when retrieving Linode interfaces",
                    json=result,
                )

            self._set(
                "_interfaces",
                [
                    LinodeInterface(
                        self._client, iface["id"], self.id, json=iface
                    )
                    for iface in result["interfaces"]
                ],
            )

        return self._interfaces

    def upgrade_interfaces(
        self,
        config: Optional[Union[Config, int]] = None,
        dry_run: bool = False,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> UpgradeInterfacesResult:
        """
        Automatically upgrades all legacy config interfaces of a
        single configuration profile to Linode interfaces.

        NOTE: If dry_run is True, interfaces in the result will be
              of type MappedObject rather than LinodeInterface.

        NOTE: Linode interfaces may not currently be available to all users.

        API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/post-upgrade-linode-interfaces

        :param config: The configuration profile the legacy interfaces to
                       upgrade are under.
        :type config: Config or int
        :param dry_run: Whether this operation should be a dry run,
                        which will return the interfaces that would be
                        created if the operation were completed.
        :type dry_run: bool

        :returns: Information about the newly upgraded interfaces.
        :rtype: UpgradeInterfacesResult
        """
        params = {"config_id": config, "dry_run": dry_run}

        params.update(kwargs)

        result = self._client.post(
            "{}/upgrade-interfaces".format(Instance.api_endpoint),
            model=self,
            data=_flatten_request_body_recursive(drop_null_keys(params)),
        )

        # This resolves an edge case where `result["interfaces"]` persists across
        # multiple calls, which can cause parsing errors when expanding them below.
        result = copy.deepcopy(result)

        self.invalidate()

        # We don't convert interface dicts to LinodeInterface objects on dry runs
        # actual API entities aren't created.
        if dry_run:
            result["interfaces"] = [
                MappedObject(**iface) for iface in result["interfaces"]
            ]
        else:
            result["interfaces"] = [
                LinodeInterface(self._client, iface["id"], self.id, iface)
                for iface in result["interfaces"]
            ]

        return UpgradeInterfacesResult.from_json(result)


class UserDefinedFieldType(Enum):
    text = 1
    select_one = 2
    select_many = 3


class UserDefinedField:
    def __init__(self, name, label, example, field_type, choices=None):
        self.name = name
        self.label = label
        self.example = example
        self.field_type = field_type
        self.choices = choices

    def __repr__(self):
        return "{}({}): {}".format(
            self.label, self.field_type.name, self.example
        )


class StackScript(Base):
    """
    A script allowing users to reproduce specific software configurations
    when deploying Compute Instances, with more user control than static system images.

    API Documentation: https://techdocs.akamai.com/linode-api/reference/get-stack-script
    """

    api_endpoint = "/linode/stackscripts/{id}"
    properties = {
        "user_defined_fields": Property(),
        "label": Property(mutable=True),
        "rev_note": Property(mutable=True),
        "username": Property(),
        "user_gravatar_id": Property(),
        "is_public": Property(mutable=True),
        "created": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "deployments_active": Property(),
        "script": Property(mutable=True),
        "images": Property(
            mutable=True, unordered=True
        ),  # TODO make slug_relationship
        "deployments_total": Property(),
        "description": Property(mutable=True),
        "updated": Property(is_datetime=True),
        "mine": Property(),
    }

    def _populate(self, json):
        """
        Override the populate method to map user_defined_fields to
        fancy values
        """
        Base._populate(self, json)

        mapped_udfs = []
        for udf in self.user_defined_fields:
            t = UserDefinedFieldType.text
            choices = None
            if hasattr(udf, "oneof"):
                t = UserDefinedFieldType.select_one
                choices = udf.oneof.split(",")
            elif hasattr(udf, "manyof"):
                t = UserDefinedFieldType.select_many
                choices = udf.manyof.split(",")

            mapped_udfs.append(
                UserDefinedField(
                    udf.name,
                    udf.label if hasattr(udf, "label") else None,
                    udf.example if hasattr(udf, "example") else None,
                    t,
                    choices=choices,
                )
            )

        self._set("user_defined_fields", mapped_udfs)
        ndist = [Image(self._client, d) for d in self.images]
        self._set("images", ndist)

    def _serialize(self, is_put: bool = False):
        dct = Base._serialize(self, is_put=is_put)
        dct["images"] = [d.id for d in self.images]
        return dct


def _expand_placement_group_assignment(
    pg: Union[
        InstancePlacementGroupAssignment, "PlacementGroup", Dict[str, Any], int
    ],
) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
    """
    Expands the placement group argument into a dict for use in an API request body.

    :param pg: The placement group argument to be expanded.
    :type pg: Union[InstancePlacementGroupAssignment, PlacementGroup, Dict[str, Any], int]

    :returns: The expanded placement group.
    :rtype: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
    """
    # Workaround to avoid circular import
    from linode_api4.objects.placement import (  # pylint: disable=import-outside-toplevel
        PlacementGroup,
    )

    if pg is None:
        return None

    if isinstance(pg, dict):
        return pg

    if isinstance(pg, InstancePlacementGroupAssignment):
        return pg.dict

    if isinstance(pg, PlacementGroup):
        return {"id": pg.id}

    if isinstance(pg, int):
        return {"id": pg}

    raise TypeError(f"Invalid type for Placement Group: {type(pg)}")