From c2261a2ad6d43a4295bb14d7db8a7d89ff9502cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bengbengtu <bengbengtu19850204@163.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Mar 2016 20:26:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Revert "auto pull magedu/python2016"

---
 002/dict.ipynb                                |  658 ----
 ...350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb" |  578 ----
 003/test.json                                 |    3 -
 ...345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb" | 2877 -----------------
 "004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb"          | 2415 --------------
 ...350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb" | 2785 ----------------
 notes/20160221.adoc                           |    2 +-
 notes/20160227-1.adoc                         |   25 -
 notes/20160227-2.adoc                         |   43 -
 notes/20160228.adoc                           |   17 -
 ...\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc" |  370 ---
 11 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 9772 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 002/dict.ipynb
 delete mode 100644 "002/\345\210\227\350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb"
 delete mode 100644 003/test.json
 delete mode 100644 "003/\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb"
 delete mode 100644 "004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb"
 delete mode 100644 "004/\350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb"
 delete mode 100644 notes/20160227-1.adoc
 delete mode 100644 notes/20160227-2.adoc
 delete mode 100644 notes/20160228.adoc
 delete mode 100644 "presentations/005_\351\235\242\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc"

diff --git a/002/dict.ipynb b/002/dict.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 42fe2e0..0000000
--- a/002/dict.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,658 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# 字典"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d = {}\n",
-    "d = dict()\n",
-    "d = {\"a\":1, \"b\":2}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 获取元素"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "1"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 2,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d['a']"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "1"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 3,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.get('a')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "KeyError",
-     "evalue": "'c'",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-4-3e4d85f12902>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'c'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'c'"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d['c']"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d.get('c')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function get:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "get(...) method of builtins.dict instance\n",
-      "    D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(d.get)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'abc'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 7,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.get('c', 'abc')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 增加和修改元素"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d['a'] = 3"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'a': 3, 'b': 2}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 9,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d['c'] = 4"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 4}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 11,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 删除元素"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "4"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 12,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.pop('c')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'a': 3, 'b': 2}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 13,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "KeyError",
-     "evalue": "'c'",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-14-adf338c8a0db>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'c'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'c'"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.pop('c')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 15,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function pop:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "pop(...) method of builtins.dict instance\n",
-      "    D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.\n",
-      "    If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(d.pop)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 16,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'abc'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 16,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.pop('c', 'abc')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 17,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "('b', 2)"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 17,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.popitem()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 18,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "del d['a']"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 遍历"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 20,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "dict_keys(['b', 'c', 'a'])"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 20,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.keys()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 21,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "b\n",
-      "c\n",
-      "a\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for k in d.keys():\n",
-    "    print(k)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 22,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "dict_values([2, 3, 1])"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 22,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.values()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "2\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "1\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for v in d.values():\n",
-    "    print(v)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 24,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "dict_items([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)])"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 24,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d.items()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 26,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "('b', 2)\n",
-      "('c', 3)\n",
-      "('a', 1)\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for t in d.items():\n",
-    "    print(t)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "b => 2\n",
-      "c => 3\n",
-      "a => 1\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for k, v in d.items():\n",
-    "    print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 28,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d = {}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 29,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d['root'] = 'root'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 30,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d['root'] = {}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 31,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d['root']['left'] = 'left'\n",
-    "d['root']['right'] = 'right'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 32,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'root': {'left': 'left', 'right': 'right'}}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 32,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "d"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.4.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git "a/002/\345\210\227\350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb" "b/002/\345\210\227\350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb"
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ec56d0..0000000
--- "a/002/\345\210\227\350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb"
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,578 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# 列表解析"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "lst = list(range(10))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 基本语法"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 2,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "[x +1 for x in lst]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 3,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "l = []\n",
-    "for x in lst:\n",
-    "    l.append(x+1)\n",
-    "l"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 带条件"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 11,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "[x+1 for x in lst if x % 2 == 0]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 13,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "l = []\n",
-    "for x in lst:\n",
-    "    if x % 2 == 0:\n",
-    "        l.append(x+1)\n",
-    "l"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[5, 7, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 14,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "[x + 1 for x in lst if x % 2 == 0 if x > 2]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 17,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[5, 7, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 17,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "l = []\n",
-    "for x in lst:\n",
-    "    if x % 2 == 0 \n",
-    "        if x > 2:\n",
-    "            l.append(x+1)\n",
-    "l"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 多个列表"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 18,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "l1 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]\n",
-    "l2 = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[(1, 0),\n",
-       " (1, 2),\n",
-       " (1, 4),\n",
-       " (1, 6),\n",
-       " (1, 8),\n",
-       " (3, 0),\n",
-       " (3, 2),\n",
-       " (3, 4),\n",
-       " (3, 6),\n",
-       " (3, 8),\n",
-       " (5, 0),\n",
-       " (5, 2),\n",
-       " (5, 4),\n",
-       " (5, 6),\n",
-       " (5, 8),\n",
-       " (7, 0),\n",
-       " (7, 2),\n",
-       " (7, 4),\n",
-       " (7, 6),\n",
-       " (7, 8),\n",
-       " (9, 0),\n",
-       " (9, 2),\n",
-       " (9, 4),\n",
-       " (9, 6),\n",
-       " (9, 8)]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 19,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "[(x, y) for x in l1 for y in l2]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 20,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[(1, 0),\n",
-       " (1, 2),\n",
-       " (1, 4),\n",
-       " (1, 6),\n",
-       " (1, 8),\n",
-       " (3, 0),\n",
-       " (3, 2),\n",
-       " (3, 4),\n",
-       " (3, 6),\n",
-       " (3, 8),\n",
-       " (5, 0),\n",
-       " (5, 2),\n",
-       " (5, 4),\n",
-       " (5, 6),\n",
-       " (5, 8),\n",
-       " (7, 0),\n",
-       " (7, 2),\n",
-       " (7, 4),\n",
-       " (7, 6),\n",
-       " (7, 8),\n",
-       " (9, 0),\n",
-       " (9, 2),\n",
-       " (9, 4),\n",
-       " (9, 6),\n",
-       " (9, 8)]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 20,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "l = []\n",
-    "for x in l1:\n",
-    "    for y in l2:\n",
-    "        l.append((x, y))\n",
-    "l"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 生成集合"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 21,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = {1, 3, 5}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 22,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{2, 4, 6}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 22,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "{x +1 for x in s}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[2, 4, 6]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 23,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "[x+1 for x in s]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 24,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 24,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "{x+1 for x in range(10)}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 25,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{3}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 25,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "{x+1 for x in [2, 2, 2, 2]}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 生成字典"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 26,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d = {'a':1, 'b': 2}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 28,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'a': 1, 'b': 2}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 28,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "{k:v for k, v in d.items()}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 29,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{1: 8, 3: 8, 5: 8, 7: 8, 9: 8}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 29,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "{x: y for x in l1 for y in l2}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 31,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "{'a': 1, 'b': 2}"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 31,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "{k:v for k, v in [('a', 1), ('b', 2)]}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.4.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/003/test.json b/003/test.json
deleted file mode 100644
index bf6d0b8..0000000
--- a/003/test.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "name": "comyn"
-}
diff --git "a/003/\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb" "b/003/\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb"
deleted file mode 100644
index 09c5f3f..0000000
--- "a/003/\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb"
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2877 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# 字符串与文本操作"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 字符串是一个线性结构"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'i love python'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'i'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 2,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s[0]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 3,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s[-1]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'ove p'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 4,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s[3:8]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'nohtyp evol i'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 5,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s[::-1]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "i\n",
-      " \n",
-      "l\n",
-      "o\n",
-      "v\n",
-      "e\n",
-      " \n",
-      "p\n",
-      "y\n",
-      "t\n",
-      "h\n",
-      "o\n",
-      "n\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for c in s:\n",
-    "    print(c)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 字符串是不可变的"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "' '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 7,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s[1]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-8-8ab2d301e01f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'_'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s[1] = '_'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "t = (1, 2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-10-d7bb3c58ee7f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mt\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "t[0] = 3"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 字符串的格式化"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### print style format"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'l love Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 12,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'l love %s' % ('Python', )"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I love Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 13,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'I love %(name)s' % {'name': 'Python'}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I love Python, Python is my first lang'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 14,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'I love %(name)s, %(name)s is my first lang' % {'name': 'Python'}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 15,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I love Python, Python is my first lang'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 15,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'I love %s, %s is my first lang' % ('Python', 'Python')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "#### Conversion"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 16,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'4'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 16,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%d' % 4"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 17,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "%d format: a number is required, not str",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-17-e1c3eb4505c4>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;34m'%d'\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m%\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'str'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: %d format: a number is required, not str"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%d' % 'str'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 18,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'3'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 18,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%d' % 3.4"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'1.000000E-09'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 19,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%E' % 0.000000001"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 20,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'1.000000E+26'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 20,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%E' % 100000000000000000000000000"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 21,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'0.001'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 21,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%g' % 0.001"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 22,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'1e-10'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 22,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%g' % 0.0000000001"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "#### flags"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'         1'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 23,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%10d' % 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 24,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'0000000001'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 24,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'%010d' % 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### format方法"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 26,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'hello, world'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 26,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'{0}, {name}'.format('hello', name='world')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 字符串的常用操作"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on class str in module builtins:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "class str(object)\n",
-      " |  str(object='') -> str\n",
-      " |  str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or\n",
-      " |  errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer\n",
-      " |  that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.\n",
-      " |  Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)\n",
-      " |  or repr(object).\n",
-      " |  encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().\n",
-      " |  errors defaults to 'strict'.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self+value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
-      " |      Return key in self.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self==value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __format__(...)\n",
-      " |      S.__format__(format_spec) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self>=value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
-      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self[key].\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __getnewargs__(...)\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self>value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Return hash(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self<=value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __len__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Return len(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self<value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self%value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self*value.n\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self!=value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
-      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return value%self.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Return self*value.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __sizeof__(...)\n",
-      " |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __str__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Return str(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  capitalize(...)\n",
-      " |      S.capitalize() -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character\n",
-      " |      have upper case and the rest lower case.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  casefold(...)\n",
-      " |      S.casefold() -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  center(...)\n",
-      " |      S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is\n",
-      " |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space)\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  count(...)\n",
-      " |      S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in\n",
-      " |      string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are\n",
-      " |      interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  encode(...)\n",
-      " |      S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding\n",
-      " |      is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error\n",
-      " |      handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n",
-      " |      a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and\n",
-      " |      'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with\n",
-      " |      codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  endswith(...)\n",
-      " |      S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
-      " |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
-      " |      suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  expandtabs(...)\n",
-      " |      S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n",
-      " |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  find(...)\n",
-      " |      S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
-      " |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
-      " |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  format(...)\n",
-      " |      S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.\n",
-      " |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  format_map(...)\n",
-      " |      S.format_map(mapping) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.\n",
-      " |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  index(...)\n",
-      " |      S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isalnum(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isalnum() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric\n",
-      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isalpha(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isalpha() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic\n",
-      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isdecimal(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isdecimal() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,\n",
-      " |      False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isdigit(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isdigit() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if all characters in S are digits\n",
-      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isidentifier(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isidentifier() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if S is a valid identifier according\n",
-      " |      to the language definition.\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers\n",
-      " |      such as \"def\" and \"class\".\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  islower(...)\n",
-      " |      S.islower() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is\n",
-      " |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isnumeric(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isnumeric() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,\n",
-      " |      False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isprintable(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isprintable() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if all characters in S are considered\n",
-      " |      printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isspace(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isspace() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if all characters in S are whitespace\n",
-      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  istitle(...)\n",
-      " |      S.istitle() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one\n",
-      " |      character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only\n",
-      " |      follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n",
-      " |      Return False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  isupper(...)\n",
-      " |      S.isupper() -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is\n",
-      " |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  join(...)\n",
-      " |      S.join(iterable) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n",
-      " |      iterable.  The separator between elements is S.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  ljust(...)\n",
-      " |      S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n",
-      " |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  lower(...)\n",
-      " |      S.lower() -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  lstrip(...)\n",
-      " |      S.lstrip([chars]) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.\n",
-      " |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  partition(...)\n",
-      " |      S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,\n",
-      " |      the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n",
-      " |      found, return S and two empty strings.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  replace(...)\n",
-      " |      S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring\n",
-      " |      old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n",
-      " |      given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  rfind(...)\n",
-      " |      S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
-      " |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
-      " |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  rindex(...)\n",
-      " |      S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  rjust(...)\n",
-      " |      S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n",
-      " |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  rpartition(...)\n",
-      " |      S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return\n",
-      " |      the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the\n",
-      " |      separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  rsplit(...)\n",
-      " |      S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
-      " |      delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and\n",
-      " |      working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
-      " |      splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string\n",
-      " |      is a separator.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  rstrip(...)\n",
-      " |      S.rstrip([chars]) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.\n",
-      " |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  split(...)\n",
-      " |      S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
-      " |      delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
-      " |      splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any\n",
-      " |      whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are\n",
-      " |      removed from the result.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  splitlines(...)\n",
-      " |      S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.\n",
-      " |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends\n",
-      " |      is given and true.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  startswith(...)\n",
-      " |      S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n",
-      " |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
-      " |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
-      " |      prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  strip(...)\n",
-      " |      S.strip([chars]) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing\n",
-      " |      whitespace removed.\n",
-      " |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  swapcase(...)\n",
-      " |      S.swapcase() -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase\n",
-      " |      and vice versa.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  title(...)\n",
-      " |      S.title() -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case\n",
-      " |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  translate(...)\n",
-      " |      S.translate(table) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped\n",
-      " |      through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of\n",
-      " |      Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.\n",
-      " |      Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None\n",
-      " |      are deleted.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  upper(...)\n",
-      " |      S.upper() -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  zfill(...)\n",
-      " |      S.zfill(width) -> str\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field\n",
-      " |      of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
-      " |  Static methods defined here:\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  maketrans(x, y=None, z=None, /)\n",
-      " |      Return a translation table usable for str.translate().\n",
-      " |      \n",
-      " |      If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode\n",
-      " |      ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.\n",
-      " |      Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.\n",
-      " |      If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and\n",
-      " |      in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the\n",
-      " |      character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it\n",
-      " |      must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(str)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 28,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I love Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 28,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "lst = ['I', 'love', 'Python']\n",
-    "\n",
-    "' '.join(lst)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 29,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I_love_Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 29,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "'_'.join(lst)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 30,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I love Python '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 30,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "ret = ''\n",
-    "for s in lst:\n",
-    "    ret += s\n",
-    "    ret += ' '\n",
-    "ret"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 31,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on method_descriptor:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "split(...)\n",
-      "    S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
-      "    delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
-      "    splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any\n",
-      "    whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are\n",
-      "    removed from the result.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(str.split)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 32,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on method_descriptor:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "rsplit(...)\n",
-      "    S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
-      "    delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and\n",
-      "    working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
-      "    splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string\n",
-      "    is a separator.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(str.rsplit)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 33,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 33,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 34,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'I love Python'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 35,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['I', 'love', 'Python']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 35,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.split()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 36,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['I l', 've Pyth', 'n']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 36,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.split('o')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 37,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['I', 'love Python']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 37,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.split(' ', 1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 39,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 40,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['root', 'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 40,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.split(':', 1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 41,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "username, _ = s.split(':', 1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 42,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'root'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 42,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "username"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 43,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'URL:http://www.magedu.com'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 44,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "key, value = s.split(':', 1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 45,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "URL\n",
-      "http://www.magedu.com\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(key)\n",
-    "print(value)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 46,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['URL', 'http', '//www.magedu.com']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 46,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.split(':')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 47,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['URL', 'http', '//www.magedu.com']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 47,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.rsplit(':')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 48,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['URL:http', '//www.magedu.com']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 48,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.rsplit(':', 1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 49,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function splitlines:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "splitlines(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.\n",
-      "    Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends\n",
-      "    is given and true.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.splitlines)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 50,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = '''\n",
-    "I love Python\n",
-    "I also love linux\n",
-    "'''"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 51,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'\\nI love Python\\nI also love linux\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 51,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 52,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['', 'I love Python', 'I also love linux']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 52,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.splitlines()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 53,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['\\n', 'I love Python\\n', 'I also love linux\\n']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 53,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.splitlines(True)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 54,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "['', 'I love Python', 'I also love linux']"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 54,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.splitlines(False)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 55,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function partition:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "partition(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,\n",
-      "    the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n",
-      "    found, return S and two empty strings.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.partition)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 56,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 57,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 57,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 58,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "('root', ':', 'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash')"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 58,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.partition(':')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 59,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "h, _, t = s.partition(':')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 60,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 60,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "t"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 64,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "h, _, t = t.partition(':')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 65,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 65,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "t"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 63,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 63,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "t"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 66,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "('root:x:0:0:root:/root', ':', '/bin/bash')"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 66,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.rpartition(':')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 67,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'I love Python'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 68,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I love python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 68,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.capitalize()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 69,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'i love python'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 70,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I love python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 70,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.capitalize()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 71,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I Love Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 71,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.title()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 72,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I LOVE PYTHON'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 72,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.upper()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 73,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'i love python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 73,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.lower()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 74,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = s.title()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 75,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'I Love Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 75,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 76,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'i lOVE pYTHON'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 76,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.swapcase()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 77,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function center:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "center(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is\n",
-      "    done using the specified fill character (default is a space)\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.center)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 78,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'Python'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 79,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'       Python       '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 79,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.center(20)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 80,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'*******Python*******'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 80,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.center(20, '*')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 81,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function ljust:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "ljust(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n",
-      "    done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.ljust)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 82,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'Python              '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 82,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.ljust(20)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 83,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'Python**************'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 83,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.ljust(20, '*')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 84,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'**************Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 84,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.rjust(20, '*')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 85,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = s.center(20)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 86,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'       Python       '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 86,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 87,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'Python'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 87,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.strip()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 88,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'abc\\n'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 89,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'abc\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 89,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 90,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'abc'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 90,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.strip()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 91,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "f =  open('/etc/passwd', 'r')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 92,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 92,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "f.readline()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 93,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 93,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "f.readline().strip()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 94,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "f.close()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 95,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "f =  open('/etc/passwd', 'r')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 96,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "/bin/bash\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for line in f.readlines():\n",
-    "    line = line.strip()\n",
-    "    if line.startswith('root:'):\n",
-    "        _, shell = line.rsplit(':', 1)\n",
-    "        print(shell)\n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 97,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function startswith:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "startswith(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n",
-      "    With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
-      "    With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
-      "    prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.startswith)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 98,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function endswith:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "endswith(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n",
-      "    With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
-      "    With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
-      "    suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.endswith)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 99,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'abc\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 99,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 100,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 101,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 101,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 102,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 102,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.count('r')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 103,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 103,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.count('root')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 104,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "0"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 104,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.index('r')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 105,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "29"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 105,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.index('s')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 106,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "0"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 106,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.index('root')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 107,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "27"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 107,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.index('bash')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 108,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function find:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "find(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
-      "    such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
-      "    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return -1 on failure.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.find)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 109,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "0"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 109,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.find('root')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 110,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "11"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 110,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.find('root', 3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 111,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "-1"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 111,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.find('comyn')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 112,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "ValueError",
-     "evalue": "substring not found",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-112-1ae72ebfbb00>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindex\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'comyn'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m: substring not found"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.index('comyn')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 113,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function replace:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "replace(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
-      "    S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring\n",
-      "    old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n",
-      "    given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(s.replace)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 114,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 114,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 115,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'comyn:x:0:0:comyn:/comyn:/bin/bash\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 115,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.replace('root', 'comyn')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 116,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'comyn:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 116,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.replace('root', 'comyn', 1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 117,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'comyn:x:0:0:comyn:/comyn:/bin/bash\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 117,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.replace('root', 'comyn', -1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 118,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'comyn:x:0:0:comyn:/comyn:/bin/bash\\n'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 118,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "s.replace('root', 'comyn', -2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.4.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git "a/004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb" "b/004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb"
deleted file mode 100644
index 62d042a..0000000
--- "a/004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb"
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2415 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# 函数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 函数的定义与调用"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 基本语法"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    print('execute fn')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "execute fn\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "execute fn\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "a = fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "a"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 函数参数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def add(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x + y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 8,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(1, 2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "x = 1\n",
-    "y = 2"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def swap(x, y):\n",
-    "    x, y = y, x"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "swap(x,  y)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "1"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 12,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "x"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "2"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 13,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 14,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "lst = [1, 2, 3]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 15,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def append(item):\n",
-    "    lst.append(item)\n",
-    "    "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 16,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "append(4)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 17,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 17,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "lst"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 位置参数和关键字参数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "位置参数和关键字参数是在调用的时候决定的"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 22,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def add(x, y):\n",
-    "    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\n",
-    "    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\n",
-    "    return x + y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "* 位置参数  通过参数传递的位置来决定"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 1\n",
-      "y = 2\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 23,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(1, 2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "* 关键字参数 通过参数名称来决定"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 24,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 1\n",
-      "y = 2\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 24,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(x=1, y=2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 25,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 1\n",
-      "y = 2\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 25,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(y=2, x=1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "* 混合使用 关键字参数必须在位置参数之后"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 26,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 1\n",
-      "y = 2\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 26,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(1, y=2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "SyntaxError",
-     "evalue": "non-keyword arg after keyword arg (<ipython-input-27-ad039a2c8a00>, line 1)",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-27-ad039a2c8a00>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    add(x=1, 2)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m            ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m non-keyword arg after keyword arg\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(x=1, 2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 默认参数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 28,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def inc(x, i=1):\n",
-    "    return x + i"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 29,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "6"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 29,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "inc(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 31,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "8"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 31,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "inc(5, 3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "当默认参赛和关键字参数一起使用的时候，世界都是美好的"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 32,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "SyntaxError",
-     "evalue": "non-default argument follows default argument (<ipython-input-32-53c6c800feb0>, line 1)",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-32-53c6c800feb0>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    def inc(i=1, x):\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m           ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m non-default argument follows default argument\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def inc(i=1, x):\n",
-    "    return x + 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 可变参数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 33,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def sum(lst):\n",
-    "    ret = 0\n",
-    "    for x in lst:\n",
-    "        ret += x\n",
-    "    return ret"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 34,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "15"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 34,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "* 可变位置参数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 37,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def sum(*args):\n",
-    "    ret = 0\n",
-    "    print(args)\n",
-    "    for x in args:\n",
-    "        ret += x\n",
-    "    return ret"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 38,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "15"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 38,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 39,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "15"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 39,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "* 可变关键字参数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 42,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def print_info(**kwargs):\n",
-    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
-    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 43,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "a => 1\n",
-      "b => 2\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(a=1, b=2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 45,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "print_info() takes 0 positional arguments but 3 were given",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-45-8434f7cfc5af>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint_info\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: print_info() takes 0 positional arguments but 3 were given"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(1, 2, 3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 46,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "sum() got an unexpected keyword argument 'a'",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-46-88d12a0f40cb>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0msum\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: sum() got an unexpected keyword argument 'a'"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sum(a=1, b=2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "可变参数函数在定义的时候，就决定了参数是位置参数还是关键字参数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 47,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "    for x in args:\n",
-    "        print(x)\n",
-    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
-    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 48,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "2\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "a => 4\n",
-      "b => 5\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 51,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
-    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
-    "    for x in args:\n",
-    "        print(x)\n",
-    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
-    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 52,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 1\n",
-      "y = 2\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "5\n",
-      "6\n",
-      "a => 7\n",
-      "b => 8\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 53,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\n",
-    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
-    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
-    "    for x in args:\n",
-    "        print(x)\n",
-    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
-    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 54,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "print_info() missing 2 required keyword-only arguments: 'x' and 'y'",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-54-ae296ebebcdd>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint_info\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m7\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: print_info() missing 2 required keyword-only arguments: 'x' and 'y'"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 55,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 5\n",
-      "y = 6\n",
-      "1\n",
-      "2\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "a => 7\n",
-      "b => 8\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 56,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "SyntaxError",
-     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-56-893faa72b9f1>, line 1)",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-56-893faa72b9f1>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m                                  ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def print_info(*args,  **kwargs,  x, y):\n",
-    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
-    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
-    "    for x in args:\n",
-    "        print(x)\n",
-    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
-    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 57,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
-    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
-    "    for x in args:\n",
-    "        print(x)\n",
-    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
-    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 58,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 1\n",
-      "y = 2\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "5\n",
-      "6\n",
-      "a => 7\n",
-      "b => 8\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 59,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x = 1\n",
-      "y = 0\n",
-      "a => 7\n",
-      "b => 8\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "* 非默认非可变参数， 可变位置参数，可变关键字参数\n",
-    "* 默认参数不要和可变参数放到一起"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 参数解包"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 60,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def add(x, y):\n",
-    "    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\n",
-    "    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\n",
-    "    return x + y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 61,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "lst = [1, 2]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 62,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x is 1\n",
-      "y is 2\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 62,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(lst[0], lst[1])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 63,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x is 1\n",
-      "y is 2\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 63,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(*lst)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 64,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 65,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x is 1\n",
-      "y is 2\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 65,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(**d)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 66,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "add() takes 2 positional arguments but 4 were given",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-66-65394eaddff6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: add() takes 2 positional arguments but 4 were given"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 67,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "add() got an unexpected keyword argument 'z'",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-67-fa27016a66bc>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m**\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m{\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'x'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'y'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'z'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: add() got an unexpected keyword argument 'z'"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 68,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "add() missing 1 required positional argument: 'y'",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-68-9feb3d25ee96>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m**\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m{\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'x'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: add() missing 1 required positional argument: 'y'"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(**{'x':1})"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 默认参数的坑"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 69,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn(lst=[]):\n",
-    "    lst.append(1)\n",
-    "    print(lst)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 70,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "[1]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 71,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "[1, 1]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 72,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "[1, 1, 1]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 73,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "[1, 1, 1, 1]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 76,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn(lst = None):\n",
-    "    if lst is None:\n",
-    "        lst = []\n",
-    "    lst.append(1)\n",
-    "    print(lst)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 77,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "[1]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 78,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "[1]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 79,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "[1]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 函数返回值"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 80,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 81,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "NoneType"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 81,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "type(fn())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 82,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    return;"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 83,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "NoneType"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 83,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "type(fn())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 84,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    return 4"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 85,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "4"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 85,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 86,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    return 3, 4, 5"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 87,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "(3, 4, 5)"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 87,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 88,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    for x in range(10):\n",
-    "        print(x)\n",
-    "        if x > 5:\n",
-    "            return"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 89,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "0\n",
-      "1\n",
-      "2\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "5\n",
-      "6\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 第归函数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "x!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "1 * 2 * 3 * 4 ...* x"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "x * (x-1)!"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 92,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn(x):\n",
-    "    if x == 1:\n",
-    "        return x\n",
-    "    return fn(x - 1) * x"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 93,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "120"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 93,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 94,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "120"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 94,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 95,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 95,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn(100)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 97,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 97,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn(900)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 91,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "RuntimeError",
-     "evalue": "maximum recursion depth exceeded",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m                              Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-91-b0298670baef>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-90-9ed819b4f178>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfn\u001b[1;34m(x)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m     \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...\n",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-90-9ed819b4f178>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfn\u001b[1;34m(x)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m     \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: maximum recursion depth exceeded"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 98,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn(x):\n",
-    "    ret = 1\n",
-    "    for i in range(1, x +1):\n",
-    "        ret *= i\n",
-    "    return ret"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 99,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "120"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 99,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### 作用域与全局变量"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 101,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "NameError",
-     "evalue": "name 'xx' is not defined",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-101-7051982b9152>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mxx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m  \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 4\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mxx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'xx' is not defined"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    xx =  6\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(xx)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 102,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "xx = 6\n",
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    print(xx)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 103,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "6\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 105,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3\n",
-      "6\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    xx = 3\n",
-    "    print(xx)\n",
-    "fn()\n",
-    "print(xx)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 110,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "8978880\n",
-      "8978784\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "6\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "xx= 6\n",
-    "print(id(xx))\n",
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    xx = 3\n",
-    "    print(id(xx))\n",
-    "    print(xx)\n",
-    "fn()\n",
-    "print(xx)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 111,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3\n",
-      "3\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "xx = 6\n",
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    global xx\n",
-    "    xx = 3\n",
-    "    print(xx)\n",
-    "fn()\n",
-    "print(xx)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 112,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "{'_i80': 'def fn():\\n    pass', '_24': 3, '_i71': 'fn()', '_i2': 'fn()', '_i31': 'inc(5, 3)', 'inc': <function inc at 0x7f1a0147a8c8>, '_i90': 'def fn(x):\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', '_i15': 'def append(item):\\n    lst.append(item)\\n    ', '__spec__': None, '_i99': 'fn(5)', '_i93': 'fn(5)', '_65': 3, '_i81': 'type(fn())', '_i33': 'def sum(lst):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in lst:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', '_i7': 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', '_i17': 'lst', '_i88': 'def fn():\\n    for x in range(10):\\n        print(x)\\n        if x > 5:\\n            return', '_i104': 'def fn():\\n    xx += 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i109': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i98': 'def fn(x):\\n    ret = 1\\n    for i in range(1, x +1):\\n        ret *= i\\n    return ret', '_i12': 'x', '_i75': 'fn()', 'x': 1, '_i10': 'def swap(x, y):\\n    x, y = y, x', 'fn': <function fn at 0x7f1a00c20730>, '_i28': 'def inc(x, i=1):\\n    return x + i', '_i82': 'def fn():\\n    return;', '_i77': 'fn()', '_i112': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    x = 5\\n    print(globals())\\n    print(locals())\\n\\nfn()', '_i105': 'def fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'lst': [1, 2], '_i106': 'def fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'Out': {65: 3, 81: <class 'NoneType'>, 8: 3, 87: (3, 4, 5), 12: 1, 13: 2, 17: [1, 2, 3, 4], 19: 3, 20: 3, 21: 3, 23: 3, 24: 3, 25: 3, 26: 3, 29: 6, 94: 120, 31: 8, 97: 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 34: 15, 99: 120, 36: 15, 38: 15, 39: 15, 93: 120, 83: <class 'NoneType'>, 85: 4, 95: 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, 62: 3, 63: 3}, '_i87': 'fn()', '_13': 2, '_i92': 'def fn(x):\\n    if x == 1:\\n        return x\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', '_i84': 'def fn():\\n    return 4', '_i100': 'def fn():\\n    x =  6\\n\\nprint(x)', 'In': ['', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'fn()', \"def fn():\\n    print('execute fn')\", 'fn()', 'a = fn()', 'a', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'x = 1\\ny = 2', 'def swap(x, y):\\n    x, y = y, x', 'swap(x,  y)', 'x', 'y', 'lst = [1, 2, 3]', 'def append(item):\\n    lst.append(item)\\n    ', 'append(4)', 'lst', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'def add(x, y):\\n    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\\n    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'add(1, y=2)', 'add(x=1, 2)', 'def inc(x, i=1):\\n    return x + i', 'inc(5)', 'def inc(5, 3)', 'inc(5, 3)', 'def inc(i=1, x):\\n    return x + 1', 'def sum(lst):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in lst:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    print(args)\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, w))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '* 可变关键字参数', 'print_info(1, 2, 3)', 'sum(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {1}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", \"def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)', \"def add(x, y):\\n    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\\n    return x + y\", 'lst = [1, 2]', 'add(lst[0], lst[1])', 'add(*lst)', \"d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}\", 'add(**d)', 'add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])', \"add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})\", \"add(**{'x':1})\", 'def fn(lst=[]):\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(a)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return;', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return 4', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    return 3, 4, 5', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    for x in range(10):\\n        print(x)\\n        if x > 5:\\n            return', 'fn()', 'def fn(x):\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', 'def fn(x):\\n    if x == 1:\\n        return x\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', '1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5', 'fn(100)', 'fn(1000)', 'fn(900)', 'def fn(x):\\n    ret = 1\\n    for i in range(1, x +1):\\n        ret *= i\\n    return ret', 'fn(5)', 'def fn():\\n    x =  6\\n\\nprint(x)', 'def fn():\\n    xx =  6\\n\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(xx)', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    xx += 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    #xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    x = 5\\n    print(globals())\\n    print(locals())\\n\\nfn()'], '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '_i57': \"def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_19': 3, '_i69': 'def fn(lst=[]):\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', '_i21': 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'add': <function add at 0x7f1a00c491e0>, '_97': 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, '_31': 8, '_63': 3, '_i101': 'def fn():\\n    xx =  6\\n\\nprint(xx)', '_i46': 'sum(a=1, b=2)', '_i37': 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    print(args)\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum': <function sum at 0x7f1a00c20ae8>, '_oh': {65: 3, 81: <class 'NoneType'>, 8: 3, 87: (3, 4, 5), 12: 1, 13: 2, 17: [1, 2, 3, 4], 19: 3, 20: 3, 21: 3, 23: 3, 24: 3, 25: 3, 26: 3, 29: 6, 94: 120, 31: 8, 97: 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 34: 15, 99: 120, 36: 15, 38: 15, 39: 15, 93: 120, 83: <class 'NoneType'>, 85: 4, 95: 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, 62: 3, 63: 3}, '_i22': 'def add(x, y):\\n    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\\n    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\\n    return x + y', '_i35': 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', '_i56': \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_i30': 'def inc(5, 3)', '__loader__': None, '_i43': 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '_i96': 'fn(1000)', '_29': 6, '_i38': 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', '_ii': 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i44': '* 可变关键字参数', 'y': 2, '_i86': 'def fn():\\n    return 3, 4, 5', '_i34': 'sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])', '_12': 1, 'xx': 6, '_i25': 'add(y=2, x=1)', '_i29': 'inc(5)', 'append': <function append at 0x7f1a0147a840>, '_i26': 'add(1, y=2)', '_i16': 'append(4)', '_i62': 'add(lst[0], lst[1])', '_i95': 'fn(100)', '_i32': 'def inc(i=1, x):\\n    return x + 1', 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x7f1a01d35518>, '_i5': 'a = fn()', 'swap': <function swap at 0x7f1a0147a158>, '_i74': 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(a)\\n    print(lst)', '_i47': \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_i108': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    #xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i78': 'fn()', '_i68': \"add(**{'x':1})\", '_i27': 'add(x=1, 2)', '_62': 3, '_i79': 'fn()', '_i110': 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i4': 'fn()', '_95': 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, '_34': 15, '_i3': \"def fn():\\n    print('execute fn')\", '_26': 3, '_8': 3, '_i11': 'swap(x,  y)', '_i45': 'print_info(1, 2, 3)', '_i6': 'a', '_i36': 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', '_i102': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(xx)', '_i70': 'fn()', '_ih': ['', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'fn()', \"def fn():\\n    print('execute fn')\", 'fn()', 'a = fn()', 'a', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'x = 1\\ny = 2', 'def swap(x, y):\\n    x, y = y, x', 'swap(x,  y)', 'x', 'y', 'lst = [1, 2, 3]', 'def append(item):\\n    lst.append(item)\\n    ', 'append(4)', 'lst', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'def add(x, y):\\n    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\\n    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'add(1, y=2)', 'add(x=1, 2)', 'def inc(x, i=1):\\n    return x + i', 'inc(5)', 'def inc(5, 3)', 'inc(5, 3)', 'def inc(i=1, x):\\n    return x + 1', 'def sum(lst):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in lst:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    print(args)\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, w))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '* 可变关键字参数', 'print_info(1, 2, 3)', 'sum(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {1}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", \"def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)', \"def add(x, y):\\n    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\\n    return x + y\", 'lst = [1, 2]', 'add(lst[0], lst[1])', 'add(*lst)', \"d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}\", 'add(**d)', 'add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])', \"add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})\", \"add(**{'x':1})\", 'def fn(lst=[]):\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(a)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return;', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return 4', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    return 3, 4, 5', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    for x in range(10):\\n        print(x)\\n        if x > 5:\\n            return', 'fn()', 'def fn(x):\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', 'def fn(x):\\n    if x == 1:\\n        return x\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', '1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5', 'fn(100)', 'fn(1000)', 'fn(900)', 'def fn(x):\\n    ret = 1\\n    for i in range(1, x +1):\\n        ret *= i\\n    return ret', 'fn(5)', 'def fn():\\n    x =  6\\n\\nprint(x)', 'def fn():\\n    xx =  6\\n\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(xx)', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    xx += 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    #xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    x = 5\\n    print(globals())\\n    print(locals())\\n\\nfn()'], '_i8': 'add(1, 2)', '_i48': 'print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)', '_i55': 'print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)', '_i59': 'print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)', '_20': 3, '_i85': 'fn()', '_i1': 'def fn():\\n    pass', '_i67': \"add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})\", '___': 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, '_85': 4, '_25': 3, '_21': 3, '_i97': 'fn(900)', '_i64': \"d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}\", '_i': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i103': 'fn()', '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_39': 15, '__name__': '__main__', '_i61': 'lst = [1, 2]', '_17': [1, 2, 3, 4], '_i50': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', '_93': 120, '_': 120, '_i19': 'add(1, 2)', '_i39': 'sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)', '_36': 15, '_i52': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', '_i24': 'add(x=1, y=2)', '_iii': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i66': 'add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])', '_i89': 'fn()', '_99': 120, '_87': (3, 4, 5), '__package__': None, '_i54': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', '_i42': \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_94': 120, '_i73': 'fn()', '_i14': 'lst = [1, 2, 3]', '_i76': 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', '_i107': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i91': 'fn(5)', '_i13': 'y', '_i41': 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '_i58': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'get_ipython': <bound method ZMQInteractiveShell.get_ipython of <ipykernel.zmqshell.ZMQInteractiveShell object at 0x7f1a04e06b38>>, '_i65': 'add(**d)', '_i40': \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, w))\", '_81': <class 'NoneType'>, '_i49': \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {1}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_23': 3, 'a': None, '_i72': 'fn()', '_i20': 'add(x=1, y=2)', '_i83': 'type(fn())', '_sh': <module 'IPython.core.shadowns' from '/home/comyn/.pyenv/versions/3.4.2/envs/magedu_004/lib/python3.4/site-packages/IPython/core/shadowns.py'>, '__': 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, '_i23': 'add(1, 2)', 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x7f1a01d35518>, '_dh': ['/home/comyn/magedu/python/2016/004'], '_i51': \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_i94': '1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5', '_38': 15, 'print_info': <function print_info at 0x7f1a00c496a8>, '_i18': 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', '_i111': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i60': \"def add(x, y):\\n    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\\n    return x + y\", '_83': <class 'NoneType'>, '_i53': \"def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'd': {'y': 2, 'x': 1}, '_i63': 'add(*lst)', '_i9': 'x = 1\\ny = 2'}\n",
-      "{'x': 5}\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "xx = 6\n",
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    x = 5\n",
-    "    print(globals())\n",
-    "    print(locals())\n",
-    "\n",
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 113,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    x = 5\n",
-    "    print(locals())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 114,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "{'x': 5}\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 函数的调用过程"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 115,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def add(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x + y\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def inc(x):\n",
-    "    return x+1\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def main():\n",
-    "    x = 1\n",
-    "    y = 2\n",
-    "    ret = add(x, y)\n",
-    "    ret = inc(ret)\n",
-    "    print(ret)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def add(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x + y\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def inc(x):\n",
-    "    return add(x, 1)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def main():\n",
-    "    x = 5\n",
-    "    inc(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 生成器"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 116,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 116,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "def iterator(x):\n",
-    "    return list(range(x))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "iterator(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 117,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def iterator(x):\n",
-    "    i = 0;\n",
-    "    while i < 5:\n",
-    "        yield i\n",
-    "        i += 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 118,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<generator object iterator at 0x7f1a00b57c18>"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 118,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "iterator(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 120,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def main():\n",
-    "    for i in iterator(5):\n",
-    "        print(i)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 121,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def iterrator():\n",
-    "    lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
-    "    yield from lst"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 122,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "2\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "4\n",
-      "5\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for x in iterrator():\n",
-    "    print(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 125,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def fn(x):\n",
-    "    ret = 1\n",
-    "    for i in range(1, x+1):\n",
-    "        ret *= i\n",
-    "        yield ret\n",
-    "    "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 126,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1\n",
-      "2\n",
-      "6\n",
-      "24\n",
-      "120\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for x in fn(5):\n",
-    "    print(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 127,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<generator object fn at 0x7f1a00a78120>"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 127,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 128,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "it = fn(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 129,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "1"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 129,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "next(it)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 130,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "2"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 130,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "next(it)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 131,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "6"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 131,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "next(it)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 132,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "24"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 132,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "next(it)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 133,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "120"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 133,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "next(it)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 134,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "StopIteration",
-     "evalue": "",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m                             Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-134-2cdb14c0d4d6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mnext\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mit\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m: "
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "next(it)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.4.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git "a/004/\350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb" "b/004/\350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb"
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b822eb..0000000
--- "a/004/\350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb"
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2785 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "# 函数是一定公民"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<enumerate at 0x7f4b78134438>"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 1,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "enumerate([1, 2, 3, 4])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "0\n",
-      "1\n",
-      "1\n",
-      "2\n",
-      "2\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "3\n",
-      "4\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "for idx , item in enumerate([1,2 , 3, 4]):\n",
-    "    print(idx)\n",
-    "    print(item)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on method_descriptor:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "insert(...)\n",
-      "    L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(list.insert)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 18,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def cmp(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x >= y\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def sort(*args):\n",
-    "    ret = []\n",
-    "    for item in args:\n",
-    "        for i, v in enumerate(ret):\n",
-    "           if cmp(item, v):\n",
-    "                ret.insert(i, item)\n",
-    "                break\n",
-    "        else:\n",
-    "            ret.append(item)\n",
-    "    return ret\n",
-    "        "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 12,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sort(True, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[1, 2, 3, 5]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 13,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sort(False, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 19,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 19,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sort(3, 1, 2, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 高阶函数"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 20,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def sort(cmp, *args):\n",
-    "    ret = []\n",
-    "    for item in args:\n",
-    "        for i, v in enumerate(ret):\n",
-    "            if cmp(item, v):\n",
-    "                ret.insert(i, item)\n",
-    "                break\n",
-    "        else:\n",
-    "            ret.append(item)\n",
-    "    return ret"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 21,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def cmp1(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x >= y\n",
-    "\n",
-    "def cmp2(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x <= y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 22,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 22,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sort(cmp1,  3, 1, 2, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[1, 2, 3, 5]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 23,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sort(cmp2, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 24,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on class filter in module builtins:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "class filter(object)\n",
-      " |  filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)\n",
-      " |  is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
-      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
-      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __next__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Implement next(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
-      " |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(filter)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 26,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def bigger_5(x):\n",
-    "    if x > 5:\n",
-    "        return True\n",
-    "    return False"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 27,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<filter at 0x7f4b7810e470>"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 27,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "filter(bigger_5, range(10))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 28,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[6, 7, 8, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 28,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "list(filter(bigger_5, range(10)))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 29,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on built-in function any in module builtins:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "any(...)\n",
-      "    any(iterable) -> bool\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.\n",
-      "    If the iterable is empty, return False.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(any)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 30,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on class map in module builtins:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "class map(object)\n",
-      " |  map(func, *iterables) --> map object\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from\n",
-      " |  each of the iterables.  Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
-      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
-      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __next__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Implement next(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
-      " |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(map)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 31,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def inc(x):\n",
-    "    return x + 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 32,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "ename": "TypeError",
-     "evalue": "'int' object is not iterable",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-32-03d9ce8c5081>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mmap\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0minc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'int' object is not iterable"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "map(inc, 1,2 , 3, 4)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 33,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "<map at 0x7f4b780fc630>"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 33,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "map(inc, [1, 2, 3, 4])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 34,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[2, 3, 4, 5]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 34,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "list(map(inc, [1, 2, 3, 4]))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 38,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def left_fold(fn, *args):\n",
-    "    it = iter(args)\n",
-    "    ret = next(it)\n",
-    "    for x in it:\n",
-    "        ret = fn(ret, x)\n",
-    "    return ret\n",
-    "    "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 36,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def add(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x+y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 39,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "10"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 39,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "left_fold(add, 1, 2,3 ,4)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 函数作为返回值"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 40,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def make_inc(f=1):\n",
-    "    def inc(x):\n",
-    "        return x + f\n",
-    "    return inc"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 41,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "inc1 = make_inc(1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 42,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "function"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 42,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "type(inc1)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 43,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "6"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 43,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "inc1(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 44,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "inc2 = make_inc(2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 45,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "7"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 45,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "inc2(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 46,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "6"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 46,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "make_inc(1)(5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 47,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def inc(f, x):\n",
-    "    return x + f"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "柯里化"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "`f(x, y) -> g(x)(y)`"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 49,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def bigger(x):\n",
-    "    def inner_bigger(y):\n",
-    "        return y > x\n",
-    "    return inner_bigger"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 50,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[6, 7, 8, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 50,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "list(filter(bigger(5), range(10)))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 51,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 51,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "list(filter(bigger(3), range(10)))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 52,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "bigger_3 = bigger(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 53,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 53,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "bigger_3(4)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 54,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "False"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 54,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "bigger_3(2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 55,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 55,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "list(filter(bigger_3, range(10)))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 56,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 56,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "bigger(3)(7)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "*函数是一等对象 - 它和普通的对象(变量)是一样的*"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 57,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def inc(f, x):\n",
-    "    return x + f"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 58,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def bigger(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x > y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 59,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from functools import partial"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 60,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on class partial in module functools:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "class partial(builtins.object)\n",
-      " |  partial(func, *args, **keywords) - new function with partial application\n",
-      " |  of the given arguments and keywords.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
-      " |      Call self as a function.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
-      " |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
-      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
-      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
-      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
-      " |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __setstate__(...)\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
-      " |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  __dict__\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  args\n",
-      " |      tuple of arguments to future partial calls\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  func\n",
-      " |      function object to use in future partial calls\n",
-      " |  \n",
-      " |  keywords\n",
-      " |      dictionary of keyword arguments to future partial calls\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(partial)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 61,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "functools.partial(<function bigger at 0x7f4b780f3ea0>, y=3)"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 61,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "partial(bigger, y=3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 62,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "bigger_3 = partial(bigger, y=3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 63,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 63,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "callable(bigger_3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 64,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 64,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "bigger_3(4)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 65,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "False"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 65,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "bigger_3(2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 66,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def many_args(x, y, z, a, b, c):\n",
-    "    print('x is {}'.format(x))\n",
-    "    print('y is {}'.format(y))\n",
-    "    print('z is {}'.format(z))\n",
-    "    print('a is {}'.format(a))\n",
-    "    print('b is {}'.format(b))\n",
-    "    print('c is {}'.format(c))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 67,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn1 = partial(many_args, a=1, b=2, c=3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 68,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x is 4\n",
-      "y is 5\n",
-      "z is 6\n",
-      "a is 1\n",
-      "b is 2\n",
-      "c is 3\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn1(4, 5, 6)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 69,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn2 = partial(many_args, x = 1, y=2, z=3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 70,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "x is 4\n",
-      "y is 5\n",
-      "z is 6\n",
-      "a is 2\n",
-      "b is 2\n",
-      "c is 3\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn1(4,5, 6, a=2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## 装饰器"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 71,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import time"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 72,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "1456624046.828106"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 72,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "time.time()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 73,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def timeit(fn):\n",
-    "    start = time.time()\n",
-    "    fn()\n",
-    "    print(time.time() - start)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 74,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def sleep():\n",
-    "    time.sleep(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 75,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.003817319869995\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "timeit(sleep)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 88,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def timeit(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "        start = time.time()\n",
-    "        ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "        print(time.time() - start)\n",
-    "        return ret\n",
-    "    return wrap"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 77,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def sleep(x):\n",
-    "    time.sleep(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 80,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.002962589263916\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "timeit(sleep)(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 81,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn  = timeit(sleep)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 82,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "function"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 82,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "type(fn)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 83,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.0012524127960205\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "这就是装饰器"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 84,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@timeit\n",
-    "def sleep(x):\n",
-    "    time.sleep(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 86,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.006810188293457\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sleep(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 91,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@timeit\n",
-    "def aad(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x + y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 92,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "11"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 92,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(5, 6)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 93,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "1.430511474609375e-06\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "11"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 93,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "timeit(add)(5, 6)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 94,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@timeit\n",
-    "def aad(x, y):\n",
-    "    return x + y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 95,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "11"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 95,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "add(5, 6)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 96,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "2.6226043701171875e-06\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "11"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 96,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "aad(5, 6)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "装饰器的本质就是一个函数， 这个函数接收一个函数作为参数， 返回一个函数， 通常， 返回的这个函数， 是对传入的函数执行前后增加了一些语句，所以叫做装饰"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 97,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def heidong(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "        pass\n",
-    "    return wrap"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 98,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@heidong\n",
-    "def do_something():\n",
-    "    print('run run run')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 99,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "do_something()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 100,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def do_other_things():\n",
-    "    print('go go go')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 101,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "go go go\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "do_other_things()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 102,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def timeit(fn):\n",
-    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "        start = time.time()\n",
-    "        ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "        print(time.time() - start)\n",
-    "        return ret\n",
-    "    return wrap"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "自然时间"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 103,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "3.0039329528808594"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 103,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "start = time.time()\n",
-    "time.sleep(3)\n",
-    "time.time() - start"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "processor time"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 104,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "0.009999999999999787"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 104,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "start = time.clock()\n",
-    "time.sleep(3)\n",
-    "time.clock"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 105,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def timeit(process_time=False):\n",
-    "    cacl = time.clock if process_time else time.time\n",
-    "    def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
-    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "            start = cacl()\n",
-    "            ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "            print(cacl() - start)\n",
-    "            return ret\n",
-    "        return wrap\n",
-    "    return inner_timeit\n",
-    "        "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 107,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def sleep(x):\n",
-    "    time.sleep(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 109,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.004034996032715\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "timeit(False)(sleep)(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 110,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn1 = timeit(False)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 111,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn2 = fn1(sleep)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 112,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.003953695297241\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn2(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 113,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@timeit(False)\n",
-    "def sleep(x):\n",
-    "    time.sleep(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 114,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.0035619735717773\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sleep(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def timeit(process_time=False):\n",
-    "    cacl = time.clock if process_time else time.time\n",
-    "    def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
-    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "            start = cacl()\n",
-    "            ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "            print(cacl() - start)\n",
-    "            return ret\n",
-    "        return wrap\n",
-    "    return inner_timeit"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def timeit(process_time=False):\n",
-    "    cacl = time.clock if process_time else time.time\n",
-    "    def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
-    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "            start = cacl()\n",
-    "            ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "            print(cacl() - start)\n",
-    "            # send to monitor system\n",
-    "            return ret\n",
-    "        return wrap\n",
-    "    return inner_timeit"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 115,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn1 = timeit(False)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 116,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn2 = fn1(sleep)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 117,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.006286859512329\n",
-      "3.00647234916687\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "fn2(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 118,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.0040056705474854\n",
-      "3.004228353500366\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "timeit(False)(sleep)(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 119,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "fn = timeit(False)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 120,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@fn\n",
-    "def sleep(x):\n",
-    "    time.sleep(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 122,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@timeit(False)\n",
-    "def sleep(x):\n",
-    "    time.sleep(x)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 123,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "3.0036978721618652\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sleep(3)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 124,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def make_timeit():\n",
-    "    def timeit():\n",
-    "        def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
-    "            def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "                return fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "            return wrap\n",
-    "        return inner_timeit\n",
-    "    return timeit"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 126,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "timeit = make_timeit()\n",
-    "@timeit()\n",
-    "def fn():\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 127,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def check(allows):\n",
-    "    def deco(fn):\n",
-    "        def wrap(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "            if username in allows:\n",
-    "                return fn(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "            return \"not allow\"\n",
-    "        return wrap\n",
-    "    return deco\n",
-    "                "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 128,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
-    "def private(username):\n",
-    "    print('xxxxxxxx')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 129,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "xxxxxxxx\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "private('comyn')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 130,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'not allow'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 130,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "private('xueming')"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 135,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def test():\n",
-    "    '''this is test\n",
-    "    @return None\n",
-    "    '''\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 136,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on function test in module __main__:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "test()\n",
-      "    this is test\n",
-      "    @return None\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(test)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "docstring"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 134,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on function test in module __main__:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "test()\n",
-      "    this is test\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(test)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 137,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'this is test\\n    @return None\\n    '"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 137,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "test.__doc__"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 132,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'test'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 132,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "test.__name__"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 140,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
-    "def test(username):\n",
-    "    ''' this is test'''\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 141,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'wrap'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 141,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "test.__name__"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 142,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "test.__doc__"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 143,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def check(allows):\n",
-    "    def deco(fn):\n",
-    "        def wrap(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "            if username in allows:\n",
-    "                return fn(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "            return \"not allow\"\n",
-    "        wrap.__name__ = fn.__name__\n",
-    "        wrap.__doc__ = fn.__doc__\n",
-    "        return wrap\n",
-    "    return deco\n",
-    "                "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 144,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
-    "def test(username):\n",
-    "    ''' this is test'''\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 145,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'test'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 145,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "test.__name__"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 146,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on function test in module __main__:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "test(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
-      "    this is test\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(test)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 147,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from functools import wraps"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 148,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on function wraps in module functools:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "wraps(wrapped, assigned=('__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__', '__annotations__'), updated=('__dict__',))\n",
-      "    Decorator factory to apply update_wrapper() to a wrapper function\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    Returns a decorator that invokes update_wrapper() with the decorated\n",
-      "    function as the wrapper argument and the arguments to wraps() as the\n",
-      "    remaining arguments. Default arguments are as for update_wrapper().\n",
-      "    This is a convenience function to simplify applying partial() to\n",
-      "    update_wrapper().\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(wraps)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 157,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "def check(allows):\n",
-    "    @wraps\n",
-    "    def deco(fn):\n",
-    "        @wraps\n",
-    "        def wrap(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "            if username in allows:\n",
-    "                return fn(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "            return \"not allow\"\n",
-    "        return wrap\n",
-    "    return deco"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 158,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
-    "def test(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "    ''' this is test'''\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 159,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on function deco in module __main__:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "deco(fn)\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(test)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 163,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import functools\n",
-    "def decorator(fn):\n",
-    "    @functools.wraps(fn)\n",
-    "    def inner(*args, **kwargs):\n",
-    "        return fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
-    "    return inner\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "    "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 164,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "@decorator\n",
-    "def func():\n",
-    "    '''this is test func'''\n",
-    "    pass"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 165,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "'func'"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 165,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "func.__name__"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 166,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on function func in module __main__:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "func()\n",
-      "    this is test func\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(func)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 162,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Help on function update_wrapper in module functools:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, assigned=('__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__', '__annotations__'), updated=('__dict__',))\n",
-      "    Update a wrapper function to look like the wrapped function\n",
-      "    \n",
-      "    wrapper is the function to be updated\n",
-      "    wrapped is the original function\n",
-      "    assigned is a tuple naming the attributes assigned directly\n",
-      "    from the wrapped function to the wrapper function (defaults to\n",
-      "    functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS)\n",
-      "    updated is a tuple naming the attributes of the wrapper that\n",
-      "    are updated with the corresponding attribute from the wrapped\n",
-      "    function (defaults to functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES)\n",
-      "\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "help(functools.update_wrapper)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 167,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 167,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sort(lambda x, y: x >= y, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 168,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "func = lambda x, y: x >= y"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 169,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 169,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "sort(func, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "partial"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.4.2"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/notes/20160221.adoc b/notes/20160221.adoc
index 380353e..1517b43 100644
--- a/notes/20160221.adoc
+++ b/notes/20160221.adoc
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 === 安装pyenv
 
-* yum -y install git gcc make patch zlib-devel gdbm-devel openssl-devel sqlite-devel bzip2-devel readline-devel
+* yum -y install git gcc make patch zlib-devel gdbm-devel openssl-devel sqlite-devel bizp2-devel readline-devel
 * curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yyuu/pyenv-installer/master/bin/pyenv-installer | bash
 
 === pyenv 使用
diff --git a/notes/20160227-1.adoc b/notes/20160227-1.adoc
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bd3a61..0000000
--- a/notes/20160227-1.adoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-== dict
-
-* 初始化
-* 获取元素， 下标操作和get
-* 修改元素
-* 删除元素 pop popitem del
-* 遍历 keys values items
-
-
-== 列表解析
-
-* 基本语法 [expr for item in iterator]
-* 带条件
-* 带多个条件的 相当and
-* 多个迭代器 相当于嵌套的循环
-* 集合解析
-* 字典解析
-
-
-== 字符串
-
-* 字符串是线性结构 切片 成员运算符 可以迭代
-* 字符串格式化 print style， format方法
-* 字符串的若干操作 join split strip replace startswith endswith
-* str 和bytes区别和相互转化 Python2 和Python3处理字符串的一些区别
diff --git a/notes/20160227-2.adoc b/notes/20160227-2.adoc
deleted file mode 100644
index ea096e0..0000000
--- a/notes/20160227-2.adoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-== 函数
-
-=== 函数的基本语法
-
-* 定义函数
-* 调用函数
-
-=== 函数的参数
-* 基本语法
-* 位置参数和关键字参数
-* 默认参数
-* 可变参数
-* 参数的规则
-* 默认的坑
-
-=== 函数的返回值
-
-* 默认返回None
-* 通过unpacking变相的返回多值 其实返回的是一个元组tuple
-* 提前返回
-
-=== 第归函数
-
-* 调用自己的函数
-* 一定要有退出条件
-* 第归最大深度1000
-* 尽量少用第归
-
-=== 变量作用域和全局变量
-
-* 变量作用域 变量的可见范围
-* 全局变量
-* 局部作用域 赋值会生成新的局部变量， 除非global关键字
-* 尽量少用全局变量
-* globals() 和 locals()
-
-=== 函数的执行流程
-
-=== 生成器
-
-* 生成器的原理
-* 生成器的一些应用， 惰性求值， range xrange
-
diff --git a/notes/20160228.adoc b/notes/20160228.adoc
deleted file mode 100644
index 32189ef..0000000
--- a/notes/20160228.adoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-== 函数作为一等公民 first class
-
-=== 高阶函数 接收函数作为参数
-
-=== 函数作为返回值
-
-* 柯里化以及应用
-* functools.partial及其应用
-
-=== 装饰器
-
-* 装饰器的原理
-* 带参数的装饰器
-* 现实世界中的装饰 -- 装饰器的作用
-* functools.wraps 的作用
-
-=== 匿名函数
diff --git "a/presentations/005_\351\235\242\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc" "b/presentations/005_\351\235\242\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc"
deleted file mode 100644
index f1358f2..0000000
--- "a/presentations/005_\351\235\242\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc"
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,370 +0,0 @@
-= 面向对象
-comyn <me@xueming.li>
-v1.0
-:source-highlighter: pygments
-:revealjs_history: false
-:revealjs_center: false
-:revealjs_embedded: true
-:revealjsdir: ../reveal.js
-:imagesdir: ../assets/images/5
-:homepage: http://www.magedu.com
-
-== 编程范式
-
-[%step]
-* 编程范式指的是软件工程中的一种方法学
-* 常见的编程范式有：OOP、FP、PP、IP
-* 通常每种语言都会提倡一些范式，也有的语言支持多种范式
-* Python是一种多范式语言，但是对OOP支持最好
-
-== OOP的基本概念
-
-=== 基本哲学
-
-[%step]
-* 世界是由对象组成的
-* 对象具有运动规律和内部状态
-* 对象之间的相互作用和通讯构成世界
-
-=== 对象的特性
-
-[%step]
-* 唯一性：世界上没有两片相同的树叶
-* 分类性：分类是对现实世界的抽象
-
-=== OOP的三大特征
-
-[%step]
-* 继承
-* 多态
-* 封装
-
-=== 面向对象的本质
-
-[%step]
-* 面向对象是对数据和行为的封装
-* 但是有时候，数据仅仅是数据，方法仅仅是方法
-
-== 组织数据
-
-=== !
-
-[source,python]
-----
-data = (13, 63, 5, 378, 58, 40)
-
-def avg(data):
-    return sum(data) / len(data)
-
-print(avg(data))
-----
-
-
-=== 门的例子
-
-[%step]
-* 数据：门牌号、 打开/关闭的状态
-* 操作：打开、关闭
-
-=== 过程化的组织方法
-
-[source,python]
-----
-door1 = [1, 'closed']
-door2 = [1, 'closed']
-
-def open_door(door):
-    door[1] = 'opening'
-    return door
-
-def close_door(door):
-    door[1] = 'close'
-    return door
-----
-
-=== 面向对象的组织方法
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class Door(object):
-    def __init__(self, number, status):
-        self.number = number
-        self.status = status
-
-    def open(self):
-        self.status = 'opening'
-
-    def close(self):
-        self.status = 'closed'
-----
-
-
-== 类的定义与初始化
-
-=== 定义类
-
-[%step]
-[source,python]
-----
-class ClassName:
-----
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class ClassName(parents):
-----
-
-=== 定义方法
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class ClassName(object):
-    def method_name(self, args): # <1> <2>
-        pass
-----
-<1> 第一个参数必须是 `self` 其他的和定义函数没有区别
-<2> `self` 是一个变量，指向对象本身。`self` 可以是任意合法的变量名
-
-=== 构造方法
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class ClassName(object):
-    def __init__(self, arg):
-        pass
-----
-
-=== 实例化
-
-[source,python]
-----
-instance = ClassName(arg) # <1>
-----
-<1> 对象的实例化，其实是调用了类的构造方法。但是 `self` 参数无需传入，解释器会自动传入。
-
-=== 关于构造函数中的 `self`
-
-[%step]
-* 我们说 `实例化其实是调用构造方法`
-* 我们还说 `self指向对象本身`
-* 那么，调用构造方法的时候 `self` 是什么鬼？
-
-=== 关于构造函数中的 `self`
-
-事实上， `\\__init__` 方法并非实例化时执行的第一个方法。当Python实例化一个对象时， 首先调用的是 `\\__new__` 方法，`\\__new__` 方法的第一个参数指向类本身。并且返回类的一个实例。 这个实例正是传递给 `\\__init__` 的 `self` 。所以严格的讲，`\\__new__` 方法才是真正创建实例的方法， 而 `\\__init__` 方法只是初始化实例的数据。
-
-
-== 访问控制
-
-=== 实例变量和实例方法
-
-* 任意实例方法内都可以定义定义实例变量， 通常在构造方法中定义
-* 定义在类中、不加任何装饰器，第一个参数是 `self` 的方法都叫做实例方法
-* 实例变量和实例方法绑定到特定的实例
-
-=== 私有成员
-
-* 以双下划线开始
-* 不以双下划线结束
-
-=== 类变量和类方法
-
-* 类变量定义在所有方法之外
-* 类方法使用 `@classmethod` 装饰器装饰
-* 类方法的第一个参数指向类本身， 通常使用 `cls` 命名
-* 相对于实例变量和实例方法， 类变量和类方法绑定到特定的类
-
-=== 静态方法
-
-* 使用 `@staticmethod` 装饰器装饰
-* 首参无特殊要求
-* 静态方法和普通的函数没有区别
-
-=== 属性
-
-* 使用 `@property`装饰器装饰的方法
-* 属性有 `getter` 、 `setter` 和 `deleter`
-
-== 继承
-
-=== 单继承
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class A(object):
-    pass
-
-class B(A):
-    pass
-----
-
-=== 重写与super
-* 子类中定义父类的同名方法，称之为重写
-* 子类中调用父类的方法， 使用super对象
-* super对象使用super方法生成
-
-=== 多继承
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class A(object):
-    pass
-
-class B(object):
-    pass
-
-class C(A, B):
-    pass
-----
-
-=== 多继承与方法选取
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class A(object):
-    def method(self):
-        print('method of A')
-
-class B(object):
-    def method(self):
-        print('method of B')
-
-class C(A, B):
-    pass
-
-class D(B, A):
-    pass
-
-c = C()
-c.method()
-
-d = D()
-d.method()
-----
-
-=== 多继承与方法选取
-
-[source,python]
-----
-class A(object):
-    def method(self):
-        print('method of A')
-
-class B(A):
-    def method(self):
-        print('method of B')
-
-class C(A, B):
-    pass
-
-class D(B, A):
-    pass
-
-c = C()
-c.method()
-d = D()
-d.method()
-----
-
-=== MRO
-
-* method resolution order
-* 本地优先级： 根据声明顺序从左往右查找
-* 单调性：所有子类中，也应满足其查找顺序
-
-=== C3算法
-
-[source]
-----
-class B(O) -> mro(B) = [B, O]
-class B(A1, A2, ...) -> mro(B) = [B] + merge(mro(A1), mro(A2), ... , [A1, A2, ...])
-----
-
-=== C3算法的merge步骤
-
-* 顺序遍历列表
-* 首元素满足一下条件，否则遍历下一个序列
-** 在其他序列也是首元素
-** 在其他序列里不存在
-* 从所有序列中移除此元素，合并到MRO序列中
-* 重复执行，直到所有序列为空或无法执行下去
-
-=== Mixin
-
-* mixin通过多重集成实现
-* mixin是组合的一种方式
-* mixin类通常需要满足：
-** 不能单独生成实例
-** 不能继承非Mixin的类
-
-== 专有方法/魔术方法
-
-* 总是以双下划线开始
-* 总是以双下划线结束
-
-=== 对象创建与销毁
-
-* `\__new__(cls [, ...])` 创建对象
-* `\__init__(self [, ...])` 初始化对象
-* `\__del__(self)` 销毁对象时调用
-
-=== 可视化对象
-
-* `\\__str__(self)` 当调用 `str(obj)` 时调用此方法, 必须返回一个 `str`
-* `\\__bytes__(self)` 当调用 `bytes(obj)` 时调用此方法， 必须返回一个 `bytes`
-* `\\__repr__(self)` 当调用 `repr(obj)` 时调用此方法，直接print一个对象时，会自动调用 `repr` 方法
-
-=== 比较运算符重载
-
-[cols="6,2", options="header"]
-|===
-|函数原型|运算符
-|obj.\\__lt__(self, other)| obj < other
-|obj.\\__le__(self, other)| obj \<= other
-|obj.\\__eq__(self, other)| obj == other
-|obj.\\__ne__(self, other)| obj != other
-|obj.\\__gt__(self, other)| obj > other
-|obj.\\__ge__(self, other)| obj >= other
-|===
-
-=== `\\__hash__` 与可hash对象
-
-* 当调用 `hash(obj)` 时， 事实上调用的是 `obj.\\__hash__()`
-* 一个对象，实现了 `__hash__(self)` 方法， 称为可hash对象
-
-
-=== `\\__bool__` 方法与bool判断
-
-* `\\__bool__` 方法总是返回 `True` 或 `False`
-* 当定义了 `\\__bool__` 方法时， 调用 `bool(obj)` 实际调用的是 `\\__bool__` 方法
-* 当未定义 `\\__bool__` 方法时， 调用 `bool(obj)` 会调用 `\\__len__` 方法， 返回0时为False， 非0时为True
-* 当 `\\__bool__` 和 `__len__` 都未定义时, `bool(obj)` 永远返回 `True`
-* `if` 和 `while` 等语句的条件，如果不是bool类型， 会自动使用 `bool` 方法，转化为bool类型
-
-=== `\\__call__` 与可调用对象
-
-* 当一个对象实现了 `\\__call__` 方法， 那么它就是一个可调用对象
-* 可调用对象可以向函数一样调用
-
-
-=== `\\__enter__ \\__exit__` 与 `with` 语句
-
-* `with` 语法与用途
-* `\\__enter__` 方法进入
-* `\\__exit__` 方法清理现场
-
-=== 反射
-
-* `\\__getattr__` 与 `\\__getattribute__`
-* `\\__setattr__`
-* `\\__delattr__`
-* `\\__dir__`
-* `\\__dict__` 与 `\\__slots__`
-
-
-=== 描述器
-
-* `\\__get__`
-* `\\__set__`
-* `\\__delete__`
-* 用类实现装饰器