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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: raw-data/UW/uw_inventories.tsv
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@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ vollmin2017gumer.pdf gume1239 Gumer <p> "There are occasional loans with p (esp
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β β
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b "The voiced plosive [b]... occurs in geminates... that have not been devoiced... or in (underlying) voiced ‘geminates’ that have been degeminated... Further, all word-initial /β/ are realized as [b]..., as well as all β following a nasal"
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p "β, b and p are largely allophones of /β/. The voiceless plosive [p] generally originates from a geminated /β/."
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βʷ w "When labialized, /β/ usually becomes [w]. Some speakers, however, occasionally realize it as [bʷ], i.e. it is strengthened (and never *[βʷ])."
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βʷ "/βʷ/ as a phoneme with [w] and [bʷ] as allophones. NB: labialization is very often a morphophonological process in Gumer, labialized here means: there is a /β/ that is labialized due to a suffix that also contains the floating feature [+LAB] (pc. Sascha Völlmin)" w "When labialized, /β/ usually becomes [w]. Some speakers, however, occasionally realize it as [bʷ], i.e. it is strengthened (and never *[βʷ])."
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bʷ "When labialized, /β/ usually becomes [w]. Some speakers, however, occasionally realize it as [bʷ], i.e. it is strengthened (and never *[βʷ])."
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w w
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bʷ "If n meets w (across morpheme boundaries)... either the nasal is pronounced as a velar nasal [ŋ], or it becomes labial and the following w is occlusivized to bʷ"
<˩˥> "Contour-toned syllables usually have at least two moras... Exceptions are Cv̌ verb stems" <˩˥>
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˦ "Another type of final <LH>-to-H raising affects final rising-toned long vowels in nonmonosyllabic stems that are followed by a word beginning in an H-tone... The raising seems to be most consistent before monosyllabic postpositions... and similar clitic-like elements, but it is at least optional in some other combinations."
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heath2016doguldom.pdf dogu1235 Dogul Dom Dogon Koundiala pʰ "Voiceless obstruents are rare intervocalically" pʰ
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b b
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m m
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ŋ "word-final nasals generally merge as ŋ"
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<f> <f>
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<v> <v>
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w w
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tʰ "Voiceless obstruents are rare intervocalically" tʰ
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d d
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n n
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ŋ "word-final nasals generally merge as ŋ"
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s "Voiceless obstruents are rare intervocalically" s
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<z> "{š z} occur in a few regionally widespread loanwords" <z>
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l l
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ɾ "rare word-initially and does not occur syllable-finally" ɾ
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<t̠ʃ> in loanwords <t̠ʃ>
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d̠ʒ d̠ʒ
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ɲ "does not occur word-finally" ɲ
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ŋ "word-final nasals generally merge as ŋ"
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<ʃ> "{š z} occur in a few regionally widespread loanwords" <ʃ>
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<ʒ> <ʒ>
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j j
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j̃ j̃
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kʰ "Voiceless obstruents are rare intervocalically" kʰ
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ɡ ɡ
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ŋ ŋ
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<h> occurs "stem-initially in a few Fulfulde loanwords" <h>
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i i
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iː iː
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i "an H-toned [verb] stem usually shortens when not followed by a suffix"
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ĩː before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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<ĩː> "Independently (phonemically) nasalized vowels are uncommon." <ĩː>
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e e
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ẽ before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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eː eː
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e "an H-toned [verb] stem usually shortens when not followed by a suffix"
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ẽː before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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<ẽː> "Independently (phonemically) nasalized vowels are uncommon." <ẽː>
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ɛ ɛ
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ɛ̃ before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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ɛː ɛː
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ɛ "an H-toned [verb] stem usually shortens when not followed by a suffix"
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ɛ̃ː before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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<ɛ̃ː> "Independently (phonemically) nasalized vowels are uncommon." <ɛ̃ː>
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a a
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ã before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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aː aː
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a "an H-toned [verb] stem usually shortens when not followed by a suffix"
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ãː before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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<ã> "Independently (phonemically) nasalized vowels are uncommon." <ã>
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<ãː> "Independently (phonemically) nasalized vowels are uncommon." <ãː>
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u u
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ũ before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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i "Assimilation of the type /uy/ → iy occurs in verbs with 1Pl subject suffix -y and in combinations involving nouns with accusative enclitic =ỳ or with the ‘it is’ enclitic =ỳ."
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uː uː
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u "an H-toned [verb] stem usually shortens when not followed by a suffix"
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ũː before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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o o
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oː oː
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o "an H-toned [verb] stem usually shortens when not followed by a suffix"
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õː before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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ɔ ɔ
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ɔ̃ before a deleted ŋ in some stems
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ɔː ɔː
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ɔ "an H-toned [verb] stem usually shortens when not followed by a suffix"
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ɔ̃ː before a deleted /ŋ/ in some stems
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˦ "each stem has one lexical H-tone, expressed on one entire syllable or on one syllable-final mora" ˦
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˨ ˨
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heath2016penange.pdf pena1270 Penange Dogon pʰ pʰ
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b b
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m m
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m̩ "Postpausally, the nasal is syllabic and can therefore bear its own pitch, but it is not clear that this is distinctive (i.e. phonological tone)."
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<f> in loanwords <f>
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w w
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w̃ word-finally w̃
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m "When followed by a C-initial word this segment generally surfaces as a nasal homorganic to the following C."
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n "When followed by a C-initial word this segment generally surfaces as a nasal homorganic to the following C."
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ɲ "When followed by a C-initial word this segment generally surfaces as a nasal homorganic to the following C."
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ŋ "When followed by a C-initial word this segment generally surfaces as a nasal homorganic to the following C."
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tʰ tʰ
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d d
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n n
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n̩ "Postpausally, the nasal is syllabic and can therefore bear its own pitch, but it is not clear that this is distinctive (i.e. phonological tone)."
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s s
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<z> <z>
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l l
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ɾ ɾ
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t̠ʃ t̠ʃ
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d̠ʒ d̠ʒ
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ɲ ɲ
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ɲ̩ "Postpausally, the nasal is syllabic and can therefore bear its own pitch, but it is not clear that this is distinctive (i.e. phonological tone)."
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j j
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j̃ word-finally j̃
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kʰ kʰ
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ɡ ɡ
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ɣ "There is some subphonemic spirantization of g in the medial position in Cv_v between flanking back/low vowels {a ɔ}."
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ŋ ŋ
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ŋ̩ "Postpausally, the nasal is syllabic and can therefore bear its own pitch, but it is not clear that this is distinctive (i.e. phonological tone)."
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<h> "occurs as initial consonant in a number of stems, mostly Fulfulde borrowings" <h>
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i i
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iː iː
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<ĩ> <ĩ>
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<ĩː> <ĩː>
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e +ATR e
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eː +ATR eː
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ɛ -ATR ɛ
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ɛː -ATR ɛː
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<ɛ̃> -ATR <ɛ̃>
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<ɛ̃ː> -ATR <ɛ̃ː>
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a a
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aː aː
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<ã> <ã>
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<ãː> <ãː>
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u u
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uː uː
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<ũː> <ũː>
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o +ATR o
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o̯ "Although the phonology of monosyllabic E-stems is not transparent, one could argue for underlying /Coe/ and /Cɔɛ/ and posit a desyllabification rule producing Co̯e and Cɔ̯ɛ, respectively."
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oː +ATR oː
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ɔ -ATR ɔ
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ɔ̯ "Although the phonology of monosyllabic E-stems is not transparent, one could argue for underlying /Coe/ and /Cɔɛ/ and posit a desyllabification rule producing Co̯e and Cɔ̯ɛ, respectively."
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ɔː -ATR ɔː
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<ɔ̃> -ATR <ɔ̃>
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<ɔ̃ː> -ATR <ɔ̃ː>
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˦ ˦
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˦˥ "Phonetically, there is often a slight pitch rise on the last H-toned syllable before an L-toned syllable."
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˨ ˨
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˦ "A final L-tone of an {L}-toned word is raised to H-tone by dissimilation before a closely phrased word that begins with an L-tone." "Rightward H-Spreading converts a sequence H.L.L to H.H.L, whereby the first H-tone is at the left edge of a word."
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˩˥ "A CvL syllable with final sonorant may appear with rising tone in careful pronunciation."
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<˥˩> "Though rare, <HL>-toned Cv̂ syllables can occur word-finally" <˥˩>
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˦ "A final <HL>-toned syllable that is followed by a tightly-phrased L-toned particle or modifier often merges its L-tone element with the L-tone of the particle and therefore surfaces with just the H-tone."
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<˩˥> "An <LH>-toned monomoraic Cv̌ syllable is very rare." <˩˥>
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heath2015togokan togo1254 Togo Kan Dogon Koporo-Pe p "obstruents... occur predominantly in stem-initial position" p
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b "obstruents... occur predominantly in stem-initial position" b
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m m
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<f> "occurs in a few Fulfulde and French loanwords" <f>
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w w
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w̃ "When a semivowel closes a nasal syllable... it is phonetically nasalized."
k "obstruents... occur predominantly in stem-initial position" k
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ɡ "moderately common in noninitial syllables" ɡ
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ɣ "between any combination of preceding and following a and ɔ"
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ŋ ŋ
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<h> "occur[s] in a fair number of loanwords" <h>
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i i
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iː iː
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ĩ ĩ
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ĩː ĩː
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e +ATR e
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eː eː
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ẽ ẽ
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ẽː ẽː
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ɛ -ATR ɛ
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ɛː ɛː
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ɛ̃ ɛ̃
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ɛ̃ː ɛ̃ː
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a a
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aː aː
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ã ã
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ãː ãː
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u u
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uː uː
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ũ ũ
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ũː ũː
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o +ATR o
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oː oː
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õ õ
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õː õː
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ɔ -ATR ɔ
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ɔː ɔː
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ɔ̃ ɔ̃
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ɔ̃ː ɔ̃ː
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˦ ˦
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˧ Downstep "is used opportunistically to differentiate the pitches of two adjacent {H}-toned words... Phonetically, a downstepped H-tone is a mid tone." "However, it is unclear whether downstep is a full-fledged phonological phenomenon in TgK."
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˨ ˨
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<˥˩> "It is harder to find Cv̂ stems, but this is only because {HL}-toned stems of any length are generally disallowed among verbs, common nouns, and adjectives." <˥˩>
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˦ "Nonfinal Cv syllables within a word cannot carry a contour tone.... [T]he simplification is from either Cv̂ or Cv̌ to Cv́."
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˩˥ ˩˥
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˦ "[T]he simplification is from either Cv̂ or Cv̌ to Cv́.... [F]or <LH> tones the disallowed position is not 'nonfinal' but 'medial'"
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