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<!doctype html>
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<head>
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content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<meta name="description"
content="An open specification by reelyActive to maximise the interoperability of radio-identifiers across protocols, platforms and operating systems.">
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<title> InteroperaBLE Identifier </title>
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<h1 class="mt-4"> The InteroperaBLE Identifier </h1>
<p class="lead"> An open specification by reelyActive to maximise the interoperability of radio-identifiers across protocols, platforms and operating systems. </p>
<img src="images/header.png" class="img-fluid"
alt="The InteroperaBLE Identifier">
<!----- The TL;DR ----->
<div class="card my-4">
<div class="card-body">
<h2>
The TL;DR
<small class="text-body-secondary"> (Too Long; Didn't Read) </small>
</h2>
<p class="lead"> One identifier <del class="text-body-secondary">to rule</del> <em class="text-body-emphasis">compatible</em> with them all. </p>
<hr>
<dl class="row">
<dt class="col-sm-3">What's the purpose?</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">To provide a means of identification that can be interpreted by <em>all</em> platforms and readily translated into a URI for potential association with a digital twin.</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3">What's with the BLE?</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">The open specification was motivated by <i class="fab fa-bluetooth"></i> Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) interoperability challenges, but is in fact protocol-agnostic.</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3">Can anyone use this?</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">Yes. It is an open specification and <a href="https://github.com/reelyactive/advlib-interoperable/" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-github"></i>/advlib-interoperable</a> is an open source interpreter implementation which is embedded in reelyActive's <a href="https://www.reelyactive.com/pareto/anywhere/" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> Pareto Anywhere</a> open source IoT middleware. </dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<!----- Part 1 of 2 ----->
<div class="card hover-shadow my-5 bg-body-secondary border-0">
<div class="card-body pt-4">
<h2 id="part01" class="card-title my-2">
InteroperaBLE Identifier structure
<a href="#part01" class="badge bg-primary">Part 1 of 2</a>
</h2>
<p class="lead"> The identifier consists of four elements which facilitate identification, ranging/location and the lookup of digital twins. </p>
<hr>
<dl class="row">
<dt class="col-sm-3">Why digital twins?</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">A digital twin represents, in a machine-readable-way, the product, person or place with which the identified device is associated.</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3">Why ranging/location?</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">Knowing <em>where</em> the identified device is, and/or <em>what it is near</em>, contributes additional machine-readable context.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<h3> The four elements </h3>
<p> An InteroperaBLE Identifier consists of an Entity UUID, an Instance ID, a transmission power estimation (Tx Power) and an optional Class. </p>
<table class="table">
<caption> InteroperaBLE Identifier elements </caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<td></td>
<th scope="col" >Element </th>
<th scope="col"> Size </th>
<th scope="col"> Role </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="text-center text-white bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</th>
<th scope="row"> Entity UUID </th>
<td> 128-bits </td>
<td> Identifies the entity or organisation responsible for the device <br> <small class="text-body-secondary">(see Entity UUID subsection below)</small> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="text-center text-white bg-ambient">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</th>
<th scope="row"> Instance ID </th>
<td> 28-bits </td>
<td> Uniquely identifies the individual device <br> <small class="text-body-secondary">(which itself may identify a person, product or place)</small> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="text-center text-white bg-success">
<i class="fas fa-sitemap"></i>
</th>
<th scope="row"> Class </th>
<td> 4-bits </td>
<td> <em>OPTIONAL</em> Implicitly indicates what is associated with the device, and/or its hierarchy </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="text-center text-white bg-dark">
<i class="fas fa-signal"></i>
</th>
<th scope="row"> Tx Power </th>
<td> — </td>
<td> Facilitates the estimation of proximity, range and/or location </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 class="mt-4"> Entity UUID </h4>
<p> The Entity UUID is a 128-bit Version 4 (Random) UUID which observes the following form: </p>
<pre class="lead text-center">XXXXXXXX-XXXX-MXXX-NXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX</pre>
<p> Each character is hexadecimal (0-9, a-f) with the following constraints: </p>
<dl class="row">
<dt class="col-sm-1 offset-sm-1"> X </dt>
<dd class="col-sm-10"> Any value <br> <small class="text-body-secondary">The entire UUID must be unique from that of other entities and organisations</small> </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-1 offset-sm-1"> M </dt>
<dd class="col-sm-10"> Must be <b>4</b> to represent Version 4 </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-1 offset-sm-1"> N </dt>
<dd class="col-sm-10"> Upper bits must be 10<sub>b</sub> to represent Variant 1 <br> <small class="text-body-secondary">Valid values for N are therefore <b>8, 9, a or b</b></small> </dd>
</dl>
<h3 class="mt-4"> Implementations </h3>
<p> The InteroperaBLE Identifier is implemented as Eddystone-UID or iBeacon as detailed below: </p>
<ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist">
<li class="nav-item" role="presentation">
<button class="nav-link active" id="eddystonetab"
data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#eddystonecontent"
type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="eddystonetab"
aria-selected="true"> Eddystone-UID </button>
</li>
<li class="nav-item" role="presentation">
<button class="nav-link" id="ibeacontab" data-bs-toggle="tab"
data-bs-target="#ibeaconcontent" type="button" role="tab"
aria-controls="ibeacontab"
aria-selected="false"> <i class="fab fa-apple"></i> iBeacon </button>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="tab-content tab-content-border border-light-subtle">
<div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="eddystonecontent"
role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="eddystonetab">
<img src="images/implementation-eddystone-uid.png"
class="img-fluid" alt="InteroperaBLE Identifier implementation as Eddystone-UID">
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement as 80-bit <em>elided</em> UUID in the <b>Namespace</b>. </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-ambient">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Instance ID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement in 28 least-significant bits of <b>Instance</b>. </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-success">
<i class="fas fa-sitemap"></i>
</span>
Class
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement in bits 28-31 of <b>Instance</b>. </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-dark">
<i class="fas fa-signal"></i>
</span>
Tx Power
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement in <b>Ranging</b> byte. </dd>
</dl>
<p>
<span class="badge bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-info"></i>
</span>
The <em>elided</em> UUID has the form XXXXXXXX<del class="text-body-secondary">-XXXX-MXXX-NXXX-</del>XXXXXXXXXXXX where 48-bits are removed from the 128-bit Entity UUID as indicated by the strikeout, <a href="https://github.com/google/eddystone/tree/master/eddystone-uid#elided-version-4-uuid" target="_blank">as specified in the Eddystone documentation</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane fade" id="ibeaconcontent" role="tabpanel"
aria-labelledby="ibeacontab">
<img src="images/implementation-ibeacon.png" class="img-fluid"
alt="InteroperaBLE Identifier implementation as iBeacon">
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement as 128-bit UUID in the <b>Proximity UUID</b>. </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-ambient">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Instance ID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement in 28 least-significant bits of combined <b>Major & Minor</b>. </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-success">
<i class="fas fa-sitemap"></i>
</span>
Class
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement in the 4 most significant bits of the <b>Major</b>. </dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-dark">
<i class="fas fa-signal"></i>
</span>
Tx Power
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7"> Implement in <b>Signal Power</b> byte. </dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<!----- Part 2 of 2 ----->
<div class="card hover-shadow my-5 bg-body-secondary border-0">
<div class="card-body pt-4">
<h2 id="part01" class="card-title my-2">
InteroperaBLE Identifier interpretation
<a href="#part02" class="badge bg-primary">Part 2 of 2</a>
</h2>
<p class="lead"> How to look up a device's digital twin from the elements of its InteroperaBLE Identifier. </p>
<hr>
<dl class="row">
<dt class="col-sm-3">Look up how?</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">By assembling a URI that points to a digital twin on the Internet or on a local network.</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-3">For any device?</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-9">No. A URI can only be assembled when the procedure to do so is explicitly known for the given Entity UUID.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<h3> Entity UUID interpretation as URI </h3>
<p> An InteroperaBLE Identifier may be interpreted as a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), which may be used to identify anything. </p>
<h4>
Local .mp3 file
<small class="text-body-tertiary">
<i class="fas fa-link"></i>
</small>
</h4>
<p> Interpret as a local .mp3 file of the form <b class="font-monospace">"file:/xxxxxxx.mp3"</b>. </p>
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f4944-434f-4445-b73e-2e2f2e6d7033
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
<em>Elided</em> Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f49442e2f2e6d7033
</dd>
</dl>
<p> The Instance ID is interpreted as 7-character-long, leading-zero-padded hexadecimal string (ex: <span class="font-monospace">"0123abc"</span>). This is prefixed with <span class="font-monospace">"file:/"</span> and suffixed with <span class="font-monospace">".mp3"</span> to complete the URI. </p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-3 col-lg-2 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<b class="text-body-secondary"> Used by: </b>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-7">
<ul class="list-unstyled ms-5">
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/reelyactive/audible-proximity"
target="_blank">
<i class="fab fa-github"></i>/reelyactive/audible-proximity
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h3 class="mt-4"> Entity UUID <em>alternative</em> interpretations </h3>
<p> An InteroperaBLE Identifier may alternatively be interpreted as something other than a URI. In this case, the 28-bit identifier typically represents an index into a table associated with the Entity UUID. </p>
<h4>
Unicode Code Point
<small class="text-body-tertiary"> <i class="fas fa-language"></i> </small>
</h4>
<p> Interpret the Instance ID as a single Unicode code point (i.e. as UTF-32). The <a href="https://unicode.org" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> Unicode standard</a> includes over 144,000 characters, including <a href="https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/full-emoji-list.html" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> a growing list of emojis</a>, which can be encoded in an InteroperaBLE Identifier, provided they consist of a single code point. </p>
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f4944-434f-4445-b73e-5554462d3332
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
<em>Elided</em> Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f49445554462d3332
</dd>
</dl>
<p> For example, Instance ID <b class="font-monospace">0x001f989</b> would be interpreted as <span class="display-6"> 🦉 </span> <small class="text-body-secondary">(owl emoji)</small> </p>
<h4>
DirAct
<small class="text-body-tertiary">
<i class="fas fa-people-arrows"></i>
</small>
</h4>
<p> Interpret as a <a href="https://reelyactive.github.io/diract/" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> DirAct</a> proximity beacon. </p>
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
<em>Elided</em> Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f4944446972416374
</dd>
</dl>
<p> The Instance ID is the 32-bit DirAct instance. </p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-3 col-lg-2 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<b class="text-body-secondary"> Used by: </b>
</div>
<div class="col-sm-7">
<ul class="list-unstyled ms-5">
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/reelyactive/diract"
target="_blank">
<i class="fab fa-github"></i>/reelyactive/diract
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h4>
Motion
<small class="text-body-tertiary">
<i class="fas fa-walking"></i>
</small>
</h4>
<p> Interpret as a motion detection event. Devices with accelerometers (or other motion sensors) may not transmit motion detection status explicitly in a packet payload, but rather can be configured to transmit a predefined packet (ex: iBeacon or Eddystone) upon a given threshold or trigger. </p>
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f4944-434f-4445-b73e-4d6f74696f63
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
<em>Elided</em> Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f49444d6f74696f63
</dd>
</dl>
<p> The Instance ID may be ignored. The interpretation is that the device transmitting this Entity UUID is signalling a motion detection event. </p>
<h4>
Button
<small class="text-body-tertiary">
<i class="fas fa-hand-pointer"></i>
</small>
</h4>
<p> Interpret as a button press event. Devices such as Minew button wristbands do not transmit button status explicitly in a packet payload, but rather can be configured to transmit a predefined packet (ex: iBeacon or Eddystone) following a button press. </p>
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f4944-434f-4445-b73e-427574746f6e
</dd>
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
<em>Elided</em> Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f4944427574746f6e
</dd>
</dl>
<p> The Instance ID may be ignored. The interpretation is that the device transmitting this Entity UUID is signalling a button press event. </p>
<h4>
BlueUp "Safety"
<small class="text-body-tertiary">
<i class="fas fa-hand-pointer"></i>
</small>
</h4>
<p> Interpret as a BlueUp "Safety" packet. BlueBeacon series devices from BlueUp embed real-time personal safety data, such as button presses, in the minor identifier of an iBeacon packet. By configuring such devices to use the Entity UUID below as the iBeacon UUID, this data can be interpreted from the Instance ID. </p>
<dl class="row mt-4">
<dt class="col-sm-4 col-lg-3 offset-sm-1 offset-lg-2">
<span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary">
<i class="fas fa-barcode"></i>
</span>
Entity UUID
</dt>
<dd class="col-sm-7 font-monospace user-select-all">
496f4944-434f-4445-b73e-425553616665
</dd>
</dl>
<p> For example, Instance ID <b class="font-monospace">0x0008001</b> would be interpreted as a short button press and a battery level of 2.99V (consult the <a href="https://support.blueupbeacons.com/" target="_blank"><i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i> BlueUp technical documentation</a> for details). </p>
<!----- Where to next ----->
<hr class="my-4">
<h2> Where to next? </h2>
<p class="lead"> Continue exploring our open architecture and all its applications. </p>
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<li class="list-group-item border-0">
<a href="https://reelyactive.github.io/diy/best-practices-ble-identifiers/">
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class="rounded-1">
</a>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item border-0">
<a href="https://reelyactive.github.io/diy/best-practices-ble-identifiers/">
<h5 class="mt-0 mb-1"> Best practices for BLE identifiers </h5>
</a>
Assignment of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) identifiers for interoperability and interpretability.
</li>
</ul>
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<li class="list-group-item border-0">
<a href="https://reelyactive.github.io/diy/best-practices-ble-advertising-data/">
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class="rounded-1">
</a>
</li>
<li class="list-group-item border-0">
<a href="https://reelyactive.github.io/diy/best-practices-ble-advertising-data/">
<h5 class="mt-0 mb-1"> Best practices for BLE advertising data </h5>
</a>
Structuring Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertising data for interoperability and interpretability.
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://reelyactive.github.io">
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<a href="https://reelyactive.github.io">
<h5 class="mt-0 mb-1"> reelyActive Developers </h5>
</a>
Browse all developer documentation and tutorials.
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