WurstValidator.java

package de.peeeq.wurstscript.validation;

import com.google.common.collect.*;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.WLogger;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.ast.*;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.CofigOverridePackages;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.CompileError;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.ImplicitFuncs;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.OverloadingResolver;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.names.DefLink;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.names.FuncLink;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.names.NameLink;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.names.OtherLink;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.names.VarLink;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.gui.ProgressHelper;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.types.*;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.utils.Utils;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.validation.controlflow.DataflowAnomalyAnalysis;
import de.peeeq.wurstscript.validation.controlflow.ReturnsAnalysis;
import io.vavr.Tuple2;
import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.Reference2BooleanOpenHashMap;
import org.eclipse.jdt.annotation.Nullable;

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import static de.peeeq.wurstscript.attributes.SmallHelpers.superArgs;

/**
 * this class validates a wurstscript program
 * <p>
 * it has visit methods for different elements in the AST and checks whether
 * these are correct
 * <p>
 * the validation phase might not find all errors, code transformation and
 * optimization phases might detect other errors because they do a more
 * sophisticated analysis of the program
 * <p>
 * also note that many cases are already caught by the calculation of the
 * attributes
 */
public class WurstValidator {
    private enum Phase { LIGHT, HEAVY }
    private Phase phase = Phase.LIGHT;
    private boolean isHeavy() { return phase == Phase.HEAVY; }


    private final ArrayList<FunctionLike> heavyFunctions = new ArrayList<>();
    private final ArrayList<ExprStatementsBlock> heavyBlocks = new ArrayList<>();

    private final WurstModel prog;
    private int functionCount;
    private int visitedFunctions;
    private final Multimap<WScope, WScope> calledFunctions = HashMultimap.create();
    private @Nullable Element lastElement = null;
    private final HashSet<String> trveWrapperFuncs = new HashSet<>();
    private final HashMap<String, HashSet<FunctionCall>> wrapperCalls = new HashMap<>();
    private final Map<ClassDef, Map<GlobalVarDef, Integer>> classVarInitOrderCache = new HashMap<>();

    public WurstValidator(WurstModel root) {
        this.prog = root;
    }

    public void validate(Collection<CompilationUnit> toCheck) {
        try {
            functionCount = countFunctions();
            visitedFunctions = 0;
            heavyFunctions.clear();
            heavyBlocks.clear();
            GlobalCaches.invalidateFor(prog, toCheck);

            lightValidation(toCheck);

            heavyValidation();

            prog.getErrorHandler().setProgress("Post checks", 0.55);
            postChecks(toCheck);

        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            WLogger.severe(e);
            Element le = lastElement;
            if (le != null) {
                le.addError("Encountered compiler bug near element " + Utils.printElement(le) + ":\n"
                    + Utils.printException(e));
            } else {
                throw e;
            }
        }
    }

    private void heavyValidation() {
        // ===== Phase 2: HEAVY (process only collected targets) =====
        phase = Phase.HEAVY;
        visitedFunctions = 0;
        prog.getErrorHandler().setProgress("Validation (control-flow + dataflow)", 0.5);

        // functions: returns + DFA + reachability walk inside the function body
        for (FunctionLike f : heavyFunctions) {
            // returns + DFA
            checkUninitializedVars(f);

            // reachability: walk only the function body statements
            Element body = (f instanceof FunctionImplementation)
                ? ((FunctionImplementation) f).getBody()
                : f; // closures use ExprStatementsBlock path below
            walkReachability(body);
        }

        // closure blocks collected for DFA
        for (ExprStatementsBlock b : heavyBlocks) {
            new DataflowAnomalyAnalysis(false).execute(b);
            walkReachability(b);
        }
    }

    private void lightValidation(Collection<CompilationUnit> toCheck) {
        // ===== Phase 1: LIGHT (all regular checks, collect heavy targets) =====
        phase = Phase.LIGHT;
        prog.getErrorHandler().setProgress("Validation (light)",
            ProgressHelper.getValidatorPercent(0, Math.max(1, functionCount)));

        for (CompilationUnit cu : toCheck) {
            walkTree(cu);
        }

        // Build CFG once for heavy phase (enables reachability/prev/next attrs)
        for (CompilationUnit cu : toCheck) {
            computeFlowAttributes(cu);
        }
    }

    /** Visit only statements under root and run checkReachability where applicable. */
    private void walkReachability(Element root) {
        // fast local traversal; no other checks
        Deque<Element> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
        stack.push(root);
        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            Element e = stack.pop();
            if (e instanceof WStatement) {
                checkReachability((WStatement) e);
            }
            for (int i = e.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                stack.push(e.get(i));
            }
        }
    }



    /**
     * checks done after walking the tree
     */
    private void postChecks(Collection<CompilationUnit> toCheck) {
        checkUnusedImports(toCheck);
        ValidateGlobalsUsage.checkGlobalsUsage(toCheck);
        ValidateClassMemberUsage.checkClassMembers(toCheck);
        ValidateLocalUsage.checkLocalsUsage(toCheck);

        for (String wrapper : trveWrapperFuncs) {
            if (wrapperCalls.containsKey(wrapper)) {
                for (FunctionCall call : wrapperCalls.get(wrapper)) {
                    if (call.getArgs().size() > 1 && call.getArgs().get(1) instanceof ExprStringVal) {
                        ExprStringVal varName = (ExprStringVal) call.getArgs().get(1);
                        TRVEHelper.protectedVariables.add(varName.getValS());
                        WLogger.info("keep: " + varName.getValS());
                    } else {
                        call.addError("Map contains TriggerRegisterVariableEvent with non-constant arguments. Can't be optimized.");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkUnusedImports(Collection<CompilationUnit> toCheck) {
        for (CompilationUnit cu : toCheck) {
            for (WPackage p : cu.getPackages()) {
                checkUnusedImports(p);
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkUnusedImports(WPackage p) {
        Set<PackageOrGlobal> used = Sets.newLinkedHashSet();

        collectUsedPackages(used, p.getElements());

        // String usedToStr =
        // used.stream().map(Utils::printElement).sorted().collect(Collectors.joining(",
        // "));
        // System.out.println("used = " + usedToStr);

        // contributed packages for each import
        Map<WImport, Set<WPackage>> contributions = new HashMap<>();
        for (WImport imp : p.getImports()) {
            Set<WPackage> contributedPackages = contributedPackages(imp.attrImportedPackage(), used, new HashSet<>());
            contributions.put(imp, contributedPackages);
            // System.out.println( imp.getPackagename() + " contributes = " +
            // contributedPackages.stream().map(Utils::printElement).sorted().collect(Collectors.joining(",
            // ")));
        }

        // check for imports, which only contribute a subset of some other
        // import
        for (WImport imp : p.getImports()) {
            if (imp.attrImportedPackage() == null || imp.getIsPublic() || imp.getPackagename().equals("Wurst")) {
                continue;
            }
            Set<WPackage> impContributions = contributions.get(imp);
            if (impContributions.isEmpty()) {
                imp.addWarning("The import " + imp.getPackagename() + " is never used");
            } else {
                for (WImport imp2 : p.getImports()) {
                    if (imp == imp2) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if (contributions.get(imp2).containsAll(impContributions)) {
                        imp.addWarning("The import " + imp.getPackagename()
                                + " can be removed, because it is already included in " + imp2.getPackagename() + ".");
                        break;
                    }

                }
            }
        }
    }

    private Set<WPackage> contributedPackages(WPackage p, Set<PackageOrGlobal> used, Set<WPackage> visited) {
        if (p == null) {
            return Collections.emptySet();
        }
        visited.add(p);
        Set<WPackage> result = new HashSet<>();
        if (used.contains(p)) {
            result.add(p);
        }
        for (WImport imp : p.getImports()) {
            WPackage imported = imp.attrImportedPackage();
            if (imp.getPackagename().equals("Wurst") || visited.contains(imported)) {
                continue;
            }
            if (imp.getIsPublic()) {
                result.addAll(contributedPackages(imported, used, visited));
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    private WPackage getConfiguredPackage(Element e) {
        PackageOrGlobal p = e.attrNearestPackage();
        if(p instanceof WPackage) {
            if (p.getModel().attrConfigOverridePackages().containsValue(p)) {
                for(WPackage k : p.getModel().attrConfigOverridePackages().keySet()) {
                    if(p.getModel().attrConfigOverridePackages().get(k).equals(p)) {
                        return k;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    private void collectUsedPackages(Set<PackageOrGlobal> used, Element root) {
        ArrayDeque<Object> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
        // Push (element, visited=false). Boolean marks "post" processing.
        stack.push(Boolean.FALSE);
        stack.push(root);

        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            Element e = (Element) stack.pop();
            boolean visited = (Boolean) stack.pop();

            if (!visited) {
                // schedule post-visit
                stack.push(Boolean.TRUE);
                stack.push(e);

                // push children for pre-visit (so they’re processed before e)
                for (int i = e.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                    Element c = e.get(i);
                    stack.push(Boolean.FALSE);
                    stack.push(c);
                }
                continue;
            }

            // === post-order node work (same as your original) ===
            if (e instanceof FuncRef) {
                FuncRef fr = (FuncRef) e;
                FuncLink link = fr.attrFuncLink();
                if (link != null) {
                    used.add(link.getDef().attrNearestPackage());
                    if (link.getDef().attrHasAnnotation("@config")) {
                        WPackage configPackage = getConfiguredPackage(link.getDef());
                        if (configPackage != null) {
                            used.add(configPackage);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (e instanceof NameRef) {
                NameRef nr = (NameRef) e;
                NameLink def = nr.attrNameLink();
                if (def != null && !(def instanceof OtherLink)) {
                    used.add(def.getDef().attrNearestPackage());
                    if (def.getDef().attrHasAnnotation("@config")) {
                        WPackage configPackage = getConfiguredPackage(def.getDef());
                        if (configPackage != null) {
                            used.add(configPackage);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if (e instanceof TypeRef) {
                TypeRef t = (TypeRef) e;
                TypeDef def = t.attrTypeDef();
                if (def != null) {
                    used.add(def.attrNearestPackage());
                }
            }

            if (e instanceof ExprBinary) {
                ExprBinary binop = (ExprBinary) e;
                FuncLink def = binop.attrFuncLink();
                if (def != null) {
                    used.add(def.getDef().attrNearestPackage());
                }
            }

            if (e instanceof Expr) {
                WurstType typ = ((Expr) e).attrTyp();
                if (typ instanceof WurstTypeNamedScope) {
                    WurstTypeNamedScope ns = (WurstTypeNamedScope) typ;
                    NamedScope def = ns.getDef();
                    if (def != null) {
                        used.add(def.attrNearestPackage());
                    }
                } else if (typ instanceof WurstTypeTuple) {
                    TupleDef def = ((WurstTypeTuple) typ).getTupleDef();
                    used.add(def.attrNearestPackage());
                }
            }

            if (e instanceof ModuleUse) {
                ModuleUse mu = (ModuleUse) e;
                @Nullable ModuleDef def = mu.attrModuleDef();
                if (def != null) {
                    used.add(def.attrNearestPackage());
                }
            }
        }
    }


    private void walkTree(Element root) {
        ArrayDeque<Element> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
        stack.push(root);

        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
            Element e = stack.pop();
            lastElement = e;
            check(e);
            lastElement = null;

            // left→right order: push in reverse
            for (int i = e.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                stack.push(e.get(i));
            }
        }
    }

    private void check(Element e) {
        try {
            if (e instanceof Annotation)
                checkAnnotation((Annotation) e);
            if (e instanceof AstElementWithTypeParameters)
                checkTypeParameters((AstElementWithTypeParameters) e);
            if (e instanceof AstElementWithNameId)
                checkName((AstElementWithNameId) e);
            if (e instanceof ClassDef) {
                checkAbstractMethods((ClassDef) e);
                visit((ClassDef) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof ClassOrModule)
                checkConstructorsUnique((ClassOrModule) e);
            if (e instanceof CompilationUnit)
                checkPackageName((CompilationUnit) e);
            if (e instanceof ConstructorDef) {
                checkConstructor((ConstructorDef) e);
                checkThisConstructorCall((ConstructorDef) e);
                checkConstructorSuperCall((ConstructorDef) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof ExprBinary)
                visit((ExprBinary) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprClosure)
                checkClosure((ExprClosure) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprEmpty)
                checkExprEmpty((ExprEmpty) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprIntVal)
                checkIntVal((ExprIntVal) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprFuncRef)
                checkFuncRef((ExprFuncRef) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprFunctionCall) {
                checkBannedFunctions((ExprFunctionCall) e);
                visit((ExprFunctionCall) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof ExprMemberMethod)
                visit((ExprMemberMethod) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprMemberVar)
                checkMemberVar((ExprMemberVar) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprMemberArrayVar)
                checkMemberArrayVar((ExprMemberArrayVar) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprNewObject) {
                checkNewObj((ExprNewObject) e);
                visit((ExprNewObject) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof ExprNull)
                checkExprNull((ExprNull) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprVarAccess)
                visit((ExprVarAccess) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprVarArrayAccess)
                checkArrayAccess((ExprVarArrayAccess) e);
            if (e instanceof ExtensionFuncDef)
                visit((ExtensionFuncDef) e);
            if (e instanceof FuncDef)
                visit((FuncDef) e);
            if (e instanceof FuncRef)
                checkFuncRef((FuncRef) e);
            if (e instanceof FunctionLike)
                checkUninitializedVars((FunctionLike) e);
            if (e instanceof GlobalVarDef)
                visit((GlobalVarDef) e);
            if (e instanceof HasModifier)
                checkModifiers((HasModifier) e);
            if (e instanceof HasTypeArgs)
                checkTypeBinding((HasTypeArgs) e);
            if (e instanceof InterfaceDef)
                checkInterfaceDef((InterfaceDef) e);
            if (e instanceof LocalVarDef) {
                checkLocalShadowing((LocalVarDef) e);
                visit((LocalVarDef) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof Modifiers)
                visit((Modifiers) e);
            if (e instanceof ModuleDef)
                visit((ModuleDef) e);
            if (e instanceof NameDef) {
                nameDefsMustNotBeNamedAfterJassNativeTypes((NameDef) e);
                checkConfigOverride((NameDef) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof NameRef) {
                checkImplicitParameter((NameRef) e);
                checkNameRef((NameRef) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof StmtCall)
                checkCall((StmtCall) e);
            if (e instanceof ExprDestroy)
                visit((ExprDestroy) e);
            if (e instanceof StmtForRange)
                checkForRange((StmtForRange) e);
            if (e instanceof StmtIf)
                visit((StmtIf) e);
            if (e instanceof StmtReturn)
                visit((StmtReturn) e);
            if (e instanceof StmtSet)
                checkStmtSet((StmtSet) e);
            if (e instanceof StmtWhile)
                visit((StmtWhile) e);
            if (e instanceof SwitchStmt)
                checkSwitch((SwitchStmt) e);
            if (e instanceof TypeExpr)
                checkTypeExpr((TypeExpr) e);
            if (e instanceof TypeExprArray)
                checkCodeArrays((TypeExprArray) e);
            if (e instanceof TupleDef)
                checkTupleDef((TupleDef) e);
            if (e instanceof VarDef)
                checkVarDef((VarDef) e);
            if (e instanceof WImport)
                visit((WImport) e);
            if (e instanceof WPackage)
                checkPackage((WPackage) e);
            if (e instanceof WParameter) {
                checkParameter((WParameter) e);
                visit((WParameter) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof WScope)
                checkForDuplicateNames((WScope) e);
            if (isHeavy() && e instanceof WStatement)
                checkReachability((WStatement) e);
            if (e instanceof WurstModel)
                checkForDuplicatePackages((WurstModel) e);
            if (e instanceof WStatements) {
                checkForInvalidStmts((WStatements) e);
                checkForEmptyBlocks((WStatements) e);
            }
            if (e instanceof StmtExitwhen)
                visit((StmtExitwhen) e);
            if (e instanceof StmtContinue)
                visit((StmtContinue) e);
        } catch (CyclicDependencyError cde) {
            cde.printStackTrace();
            Element element = cde.getElement();
            String attr = cde.getAttributeName().replaceFirst("^attr", "");
            WLogger.info(Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(element))
                + " depends on itself when evaluating attribute "
                + attr);
            WLogger.info(cde);
            throw new CompileError(element.attrSource(),
                    Utils.printElement(element) + " depends on itself when evaluating attribute " + attr);
        }
    }

    private void checkAbstractMethods(ClassDef c) {
        ImmutableMultimap<String, DefLink> nameLinks = c.attrNameLinks();
        if (!c.attrIsAbstract()) {
            StringBuilder toImplement = new StringBuilder();
            // should have no abstract methods
            for (DefLink link : nameLinks.values()) {
                NameDef f = link.getDef();
                if (f.attrIsAbstract()) {
                    if (f.attrNearestStructureDef() == c) {
                        Element loc = f;
                        for (Modifier m : f.getModifiers()) {
                            if (m instanceof ModAbstract) {
                                Element x = m;
                                loc = x;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        loc.addError("Non-abstract class " + c.getName() + " cannot have abstract functions like " + f.getName());
                    } else if (link instanceof FuncLink) {
                        FuncLink abstractLink = (FuncLink) link;
                        if (!hasImplementationInHierarchy(c, abstractLink)) {
                            toImplement.append("\n    ");
                            toImplement.append(abstractLink.printFunctionTemplate());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (toImplement.length() > 0) {
                c.addError("Non-abstract class " + c.getName() + " must implement the following functions:" + toImplement);
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean hasImplementationInHierarchy(ClassDef c, FuncLink abstractFunc) {
        return findImplementationLink(c, abstractFunc) != null;
    }

    private @Nullable FuncLink findImplementationLink(ClassDef c, FuncLink abstractFunc) {
        FuncLink best = null;
        int bestDistance = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        for (NameLink nameLink : c.attrNameLinks().get(abstractFunc.getName())) {
            if (!(nameLink instanceof FuncLink)) {
                continue;
            }
            FuncLink candidate = (FuncLink) nameLink;
            if (!WurstValidator.canOverride(candidate, abstractFunc, false)) {
                continue;
            }
            FunctionDefinition candidateDef = candidate.getDef();
            if (!(candidateDef instanceof FuncDef)) {
                continue;
            }
            if (candidateDef.attrIsAbstract()) {
                continue;
            }
            ClassDef owner = candidateDef.attrNearestClassDef();
            if (owner == null) {
                continue;
            }
            int distance = distanceToOwner(c, owner);
            if (distance == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
                continue;
            }
            if (best == null || distance < bestDistance) {
                best = candidate;
                bestDistance = distance;
            }
        }
        return best;
    }

    private int distanceToOwner(ClassDef start, ClassDef owner) {
        int distance = 0;
        ClassDef current = start;
        Set<ClassDef> visited = new HashSet<>();
        while (current != null && visited.add(current)) {
            if (current == owner) {
                return distance;
            }
            WurstTypeClass currentType = current.attrTypC();
            if (currentType == null) {
                break;
            }
            WurstTypeClass superType = currentType.extendedClass();
            if (superType == null) {
                break;
            }
            current = superType.getClassDef();
            distance++;
        }
        return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    }

    private void visit(StmtExitwhen exitwhen) {
        Element parent = exitwhen.getParent();
        while (parent != null && !(parent instanceof FunctionDefinition)) {
            if (parent instanceof StmtForEach) {
                StmtForEach forEach = (StmtForEach) parent;
                if (forEach.getIn().tryGetNameDef().attrIsVararg()) {
                    exitwhen.addError("Cannot use break in vararg for each loops.");
                }
                return;
            } else if (parent instanceof LoopStatement) {
                return;
            }
            parent = parent.getParent();
        }
        exitwhen.addError("Break is not allowed outside of loop statements.");
    }

    private void visit(StmtContinue stmtContinue) {
        Element parent = stmtContinue.getParent();
        while (parent != null && !(parent instanceof FunctionDefinition)) {
            if (parent instanceof StmtForEach) {
                StmtForEach forEach = (StmtForEach) parent;
                if (forEach.getIn().tryGetNameDef().attrIsVararg()) {
                    stmtContinue.addError("Cannot use continue in vararg for each loops.");
                }
                return;
            } else if (parent instanceof LoopStatement) {
                return;
            }
            parent = parent.getParent();
        }
        stmtContinue.addError("Continue statements must be used inside a loop.");
    }

    private void checkTupleDef(TupleDef e) {
        checkTupleDefCycle(e, new ArrayList<>());

    }

    private boolean checkTupleDefCycle(TupleDef e, ArrayList<TupleDef> tuples) {
        if (tuples.contains(e)) {
            return true;
        }
        tuples.add(e);
        try {
            for (WParameter param : e.getParameters()) {
                WurstType t = param.getTyp().attrTyp();
                if (t instanceof WurstTypeTuple) {
                    WurstTypeTuple tt = (WurstTypeTuple) t;
                    TupleDef tDef = tt.getTupleDef();
                    if (checkTupleDefCycle(tDef, tuples)) {
                        param.addError("Parameter " + param.getName() + " is recursive. This is not allowed for tuples.");
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        } finally {
            tuples.remove(e);
        }
    }

    private void checkForInvalidStmts(WStatements stmts) {
        for (WStatement s : stmts) {
            if (s instanceof ExprVarAccess) {
                ExprVarAccess ev = (ExprVarAccess) s;
                s.addError("Use of variable " + ev.getVarName() + " is an incomplete statement.");
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkForEmptyBlocks(WStatements e) {
        Element parent = e.getParent();
        // some parent cases to ignore:
        if (parent instanceof OnDestroyDef
            || parent instanceof ConstructorDef
            || parent instanceof FunctionDefinition
            || parent instanceof SwitchDefaultCaseStatements
            || parent instanceof SwitchCase) {
            return;
        }
        if (parent instanceof ExprStatementsBlock) {
            // for blocks in closures, we have StartFunction and EndFunction statements, so must be > 2 to be nonempty
            if (e.size() > 2) {
                return;
            }
            parent.getParent().addWarning("This function has an empty body. Write 'skip' if you intend to leave it empty.");
            return;
        }
        if (!e.isEmpty()) {
            return;
        }
        if (Utils.isJassCode(parent)) {
            // no warnings in Jass code
            return;
        }

        if (parent instanceof StmtIf) {
            StmtIf stmtIf = (StmtIf) parent;
            if (e == stmtIf.getElseBlock() && stmtIf.getHasElse()) {
                parent.addWarning("This if-statement has an empty else-block.");
            } else if (e == stmtIf.getThenBlock()) {
                parent.addWarning("This if-statement has an empty then-block. Write 'skip' if you intend to leave it empty.");
            }
            return;
        }

        parent.addWarning("This statement (" + Utils.printElement(parent) + ") contains an empty block. Write 'skip' if you intend to leave it empty.");
    }

    private void checkName(AstElementWithNameId e) {
        String name = e.getNameId().getName();
        TypeDef def = e.lookupType(name, false);

        if (def != e && def instanceof NativeType) {
            e.addError(
                    "The name '" + name + "' is already used as a native type in " + Utils.printPos(def.getSource()));
        } else if (!e.attrSource().getFile().endsWith(".j")) {
            switch (name) {
                case "int":
                case "integer":
                case "real":
                case "code":
                case "boolean":
                case "string":
                case "handle":
                    e.addError("The name '" + name + "' is a built-in type and cannot be used here.");
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkConfigOverride(NameDef e) {
        if (!e.hasAnnotation("@config")) {
            return;
        }
        PackageOrGlobal nearestPackage = e.attrNearestPackage();
        if (!(nearestPackage instanceof WPackage)) {
            e.addError("Annotation @config can only be used in packages.");
            return;
        }
        WPackage configPackage = (WPackage) nearestPackage;
        if (!configPackage.getName().endsWith(CofigOverridePackages.CONFIG_POSTFIX)) {
            e.addError(
                    "Annotation @config can only be used in config packages (package name has to end with '_config').");
            return;
        }

        WPackage origPackage = CofigOverridePackages.getOriginalPackage(configPackage);
        if (origPackage == null) {
            return;
        }

        if (e instanceof GlobalVarDef) {
            GlobalVarDef v = (GlobalVarDef) e;
            NameLink origVar = origPackage.getElements().lookupVarNoConfig(v.getName(), false);
            if (origVar == null) {
                e.addError("Could not find var " + v.getName() + " in configured package.");
                return;
            }

            if (!v.attrTyp().equalsType(origVar.getTyp(), v)) {
                e.addError("Configured variable must have type " + origVar.getTyp() + " but the found type is "
                        + v.attrTyp() + ".");
                return;
            }

            if (!origVar.getDef().hasAnnotation("@configurable")) {
                e.addWarning("The configured variable " + v.getName() + " is not marked with @configurable.\n"
                        + "It is still possible to configure this var but it is not recommended.");
            }

        } else if (e instanceof FuncDef) {
            FuncDef funcDef = (FuncDef) e;
            Collection<FuncLink> funcs = origPackage.getElements().lookupFuncsNoConfig(funcDef.getName(), false);
            FuncDef configuredFunc = null;
            for (NameLink nameLink : funcs) {
                if (nameLink.getDef() instanceof FuncDef) {
                    FuncDef f = (FuncDef) nameLink.getDef();
                    if (equalSignatures(funcDef, f)) {
                        configuredFunc = f;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (configuredFunc == null) {
                funcDef.addError("Could not find a function " + funcDef.getName()
                        + " with the same signature in the configured package.");
            } else {
                if (!configuredFunc.hasAnnotation("@configurable")) {
                    e.addWarning("The configured function " + funcDef.getName() + " is not marked with @configurable.\n"
                            + "It is still possible to configure this function but it is not recommended.");
                }
            }

        } else {
            e.addError("Configuring " + Utils.printElement(e) + " is not supported by Wurst.");
        }
    }

    private boolean equalSignatures(FuncDef f, FuncDef g) {
        if (f.getParameters().size() != g.getParameters().size()) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!f.attrReturnTyp().equalsType(g.attrReturnTyp(), f)) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < f.getParameters().size(); i++) {
            if (!f.getParameters().get(i).attrTyp().equalsType(g.getParameters().get(i).attrTyp(), f)) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    private void checkExprEmpty(ExprEmpty e) {
        e.addError("Incomplete expression...");

    }

    private void checkMemberArrayVar(ExprMemberArrayVar e) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub

    }

    private void checkNameRef(NameRef e) {
        if (e.getVarName().isEmpty()) {
            e.addError("Missing variable name.");
        }
    }

    private void checkPackage(WPackage p) {
        checkForDuplicateImports(p);
        p.attrInitDependencies();
    }

    private void checkTypeExpr(TypeExpr e) {
        if (e instanceof TypeExprResolved) {
            return;
        }
        if (e.isModuleUseTypeArg()) {
            return;
        }

        TypeDef typeDef = e.attrTypeDef();
        // check that modules are not used as normal types
        if (e.attrTypeDef() instanceof ModuleDef) {
            ModuleDef md = (ModuleDef) e.attrTypeDef();
            checkModuleTypeUsedCorrectly(e, md);
        }

        if (typeDef instanceof TypeParamDef) { // references a type parameter
            TypeParamDef tp = (TypeParamDef) typeDef;
            checkTypeparamsUsedCorrectly(e, tp);
        }

        // Cross-flavor generics ban inside generic declarations:
        checkGenericFlavorCompatibility(e);

    }

    // --- Generic flavor detection ----------------------------------------------
    private enum GenericFlavor { NEW, LEGACY }

    /** Returns NEW if all TPs are new style (colon), LEGACY if any exist and none are colon, else null (non-generic). */
    private @Nullable GenericFlavor flavorOf(AstElementWithTypeParameters owner) {
        TypeParamDefs tps = owner.getTypeParameters();
        if (tps == null || tps.size() == 0) return null;

        boolean anyNew = false, anyOld = false;
        for (TypeParamDef tp : owner.getTypeParameters()) {
            if (isTypeParamNewGeneric(tp)) anyNew = true; else anyOld = true;
            if (anyNew && anyOld) {
                tp.addError("Mixed generic syntax in one declaration is not allowed. Use either <T:> or <T> consistently.");
                // Pick a flavor to avoid cascaded errors:
                return GenericFlavor.NEW;
            }
        }
        if (anyNew)  return GenericFlavor.NEW;
        if (anyOld)  return GenericFlavor.LEGACY;
        return null;
    }

    /** Returns the flavor of the referenced generic definition, or null if the target is non-generic. */
    private @Nullable GenericFlavor flavorOf(TypeDef def) {
        if (def instanceof AstElementWithTypeParameters) {
            return flavorOf((AstElementWithTypeParameters) def);
        }
        return null;
    }

    /** Walk up to the nearest *structure* (ClassDef/InterfaceDef) which actually has type parameters. */
    private @Nullable AstElementWithTypeParameters nearestGenericStructureOwner(Element e) {
        Element p = e;
        while (p != null) {
            if (p instanceof ClassDef || p instanceof InterfaceDef) {
                AstElementWithTypeParameters a = (AstElementWithTypeParameters) p;
                if (a.getTypeParameters() != null && a.getTypeParameters().size() > 0) {
                    return a;
                }
                // keep walking if the structure itself has no TPs
            }
            // IMPORTANT: skip function owners entirely — method generics are allowed to mix.
            if (p instanceof FuncDef) {
                return null;
            }
            p = p.getParent();
        }
        return null;
    }

    /** For type usages inside ANY generic declaration (class/interface/function),
     *  ban cross-flavor references (NEW cannot use LEGACY and vice versa). */
    private void checkGenericFlavorCompatibility(TypeExpr e) {
        // Enforce inside the nearest generic owner: class, interface, or function
        AstElementWithTypeParameters owner = nearestGenericOwner(e);
        if (owner == null) return;

        @Nullable GenericFlavor ownerFlavor = flavorOf(owner);
        if (ownerFlavor == null) return; // owner not actually generic

        // What type is being referenced?
        TypeDef targetDef = e.attrTypeDef();
        if (targetDef == null) return;

        // Only care when the referenced definition itself is generic
        @Nullable GenericFlavor targetFlavor = flavorOf(targetDef);
        if (targetFlavor == null) return; // non-generic target → allowed

        if (ownerFlavor != targetFlavor) {
            String targetKind =
                (targetDef instanceof ClassDef) ? "class" :
                    (targetDef instanceof InterfaceDef) ? "interface" : "type";
            String targetName = targetDef.getName();

            if (ownerFlavor == GenericFlavor.NEW) {
                // owner is <T:> and target is legacy
                e.addError("Cannot reference legacy-generic " + targetKind + " '" + targetName
                    + "<T>' from a new-generic declaration. Migrate '" + targetName
                    + "<T>' to '" + targetName + "<T:>' or convert this declaration to legacy generics.");
            } else {
                // owner is legacy <T> and target is new
                e.addError("Cannot reference new-generic " + targetKind + " '" + targetName
                    + "<T:>' from a legacy-generic declaration. Use legacy syntax here or migrate this declaration to new generics.");
            }
        }
    }



    /** Walk up and find the *nearest* generic declaration owning the current node (class/interface/func). */
    private @Nullable AstElementWithTypeParameters nearestGenericOwner(Element e) {
        Element p = e;
        while (p != null) {
            if (p instanceof FuncDef || p instanceof ClassDef || p instanceof InterfaceDef) {
                AstElementWithTypeParameters a = (AstElementWithTypeParameters) p;
                if (a.getTypeParameters() != null && a.getTypeParameters().size() > 0) {
                    return a;
                }
            }
            p = p.getParent();
        }
        return null;
    }



    /**
     * Checks that module types are only used in valid places
     */
    private void checkModuleTypeUsedCorrectly(TypeExpr e, ModuleDef md) {
        if (e instanceof TypeExprThis) {
            // thistype is allowed, because it is translated to a real type when used
            return;
        }
        if (e.getParent() instanceof TypeExprThis) {
            TypeExprThis parent = (TypeExprThis) e.getParent();
            if (parent.getScopeType() == e) {
                // ModuleName.thistype is allowed
                // TODO (maybe check here that it is a parent)
                return;
            }
        }
        if (e instanceof TypeExprSimple) {
            TypeExprSimple tes = (TypeExprSimple) e;
            if (tes.getScopeType() instanceof TypeExpr) {
                TypeExpr scopeType = (TypeExpr) tes.getScopeType();
                if (scopeType instanceof TypeExprThis
                        || scopeType.attrTypeDef() instanceof ModuleDef) {
                    // thistype.A etc. is allowed
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        e.addError("Cannot use module type " + md.getName() + " in this context.");
    }

    /**
     * check that type parameters are used in correct contexts:
     */
    private void checkTypeparamsUsedCorrectly(TypeExpr e, TypeParamDef tp) {
        // type param of a structure (class/interface/module)?
        if (!tp.isStructureDefTypeParam()) {
            return; // free/generic TP outside structures: no special restriction here
        }

        if (tp.attrNearestStructureDef() instanceof ModuleDef) {
            return;
        }

        if (e.attrIsDynamicContext()) {
            return;
        }

        if (isTypeParamNewGeneric(tp)) {
            return;
        }

        // Old-style generics (no colon) or colon bound not reference-like → keep the original restriction
        e.addError("Type variables must not be used in static contexts.");
    }

    private void checkClosure(ExprClosure e) {
        WurstType expectedTyp = e.attrExpectedTypAfterOverloading();



        if (expectedTyp instanceof WurstTypeCode) {
            // TODO check if no vars are captured
            if (!e.attrCapturedVariables().isEmpty()) {
                String codeLambdaContext = codeLambdaContext(e);
                for (Map.Entry<Element, VarDef> elem : e.attrCapturedVariables().entries()) {

                    elem.getKey().addError("Cannot capture local variable '" + elem.getValue().getName()
                        + "' in anonymous function" + codeLambdaContext + ". This is only possible with closures.");
                }
            }
        } else if (expectedTyp instanceof WurstTypeUnknown || expectedTyp instanceof WurstTypeClosure) {



            e.addError("Closures can only be used when a interface or class type is given.");



        } else if (!(expectedTyp instanceof WurstTypeClass
            || expectedTyp instanceof WurstTypeInterface)) {
            e.addError("Closures can only be used when a interface or class type is given, " + "but at this position a "
                + expectedTyp + " is expected.");
        }
        e.attrCapturedVariables();

        if (isHeavy() && e.getImplementation() instanceof ExprStatementsBlock) {
            ExprStatementsBlock block = (ExprStatementsBlock) e.getImplementation();
            new DataflowAnomalyAnalysis(false).execute(block);
        } else if (!isHeavy() && e.getImplementation() instanceof ExprStatementsBlock) {
            // Phase-1: collect closure blocks for Phase-2 DFA
            heavyBlocks.add((ExprStatementsBlock) e.getImplementation());
        }



        if (expectedTyp instanceof WurstTypeClass) {
            WurstTypeClass ct = (WurstTypeClass) expectedTyp;

            ClassDef cd = ct.getClassDef();
            boolean b = true;
            for (ConstructorDef constr : cd.getConstructors()) {
                if (constr.getParameters().isEmpty()) {
                    b = false;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (b) {
                e.addError("No default constructor for class " + ct
                    + " found, so it cannot be instantiated using an anonymous function.");
            }
        }

    }

    private static String codeLambdaContext(ExprClosure e) {
        Element parent = e.getParent();
        if (parent instanceof Arguments args) {
            Element call = args.getParent();
            if (call instanceof StmtCall stmtCall) {
                String funcName = stmtCall instanceof FunctionCall fc ? fc.getFuncName() : "<unknown>";
                if (stmtCall instanceof ExprMemberMethod) {
                    return " passed as code to ." + funcName + "() ->";
                }
                return " passed as code to " + funcName + "() ->";
            }
        }
        return "";
    }

    private void checkConstructorsUnique(ClassOrModule c) {
        List<ConstructorDef> constrs = c.getConstructors();

        for (int i = 0; i < constrs.size() - 1; i++) {
            ConstructorDef c1 = constrs.get(i);
            for (int j = i + 1; i < constrs.size(); i++) {
                ConstructorDef c2 = constrs.get(j);
                if (c1.getParameters().size() != c2.getParameters().size()) {
                    continue;
                }

                if (!parametersTypeDisjunct(c1.getParameters(), c2.getParameters())) {
                    c2.addError(
                            "Duplicate constructor, another constructor with similar types is already defined in line "
                                    + c1.attrSource().getLine());
                }
            }
        }

    }

    private boolean parametersTypeDisjunct(WParameters params1, WParameters params2) {
        for (int i = 0; i < params1.size(); i++) {
            WurstType t1 = params1.get(i).attrTyp();
            WurstType t2 = params2.get(i).attrTyp();
            if (!t1.isSubtypeOf(t2, params1) && !t2.isSubtypeOf(t1, params2)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private void checkImplicitParameter(NameRef e) {
        e.attrImplicitParameter();
    }

    private void checkTypeParameters(AstElementWithTypeParameters e) {
        for (TypeParamDef ta : e.getTypeParameters()) {
            String name = ta.getName();
            if (name.isEmpty() || name.charAt(0) == '#' || name.indexOf('<') >= 0) {
                ta.addError("Type parameter must be a simple name ");
            } else {
                checkTypeName(ta, name);
            }
            ta.attrTyp();
        }
    }

    private void checkExprNull(ExprNull e) {
        if (e.attrExpectedTyp() instanceof WurstTypeUnknown && !Utils.isJassCode(e)) {
            e.addError(
                    "Cannot use 'null' constant here because " + "the compiler cannot infer which kind of null it is.");
        }

    }

    private void checkForRange(StmtForRange e) {
        if (!(e.getLoopVar().attrTyp().isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeInt.instance(), e))) {
            e.getLoopVar().addError("For-loop variable must be int.");
        }
        if (!(e.getTo().attrTyp().isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeInt.instance(), e))) {
            e.getLoopVar().addError("For-loop target must be int.");
        }
        if (!(e.getStep().attrTyp().isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeInt.instance(), e))) {
            e.getLoopVar().addError("For-loop step must be int.");
        }
    }

    private void checkIntVal(ExprIntVal e) {
        // check range? ...
    }

    private int countFunctions() {
        final int[] functionCount = new int[1];
        prog.accept(new WurstModel.DefaultVisitor() {

            @Override
            public void visit(FuncDef f) {
                super.visit(f);
                functionCount[0]++;
            }
        });
        return functionCount[0];
    }

    private void checkStmtSet(StmtSet s) {
        NameLink nameLink = s.getUpdatedExpr().attrNameLink();
        if (nameLink == null) {
            s.getUpdatedExpr().addError("Could not find variable " + s.getUpdatedExpr().getVarName() + ".");
            return;
        }

        if (!(nameLink instanceof VarLink)) {
            s.getUpdatedExpr()
                    .addError("Invalid assignment. This is not a variable, this is a " + nameLink);
            return;
        }

        WurstType leftType = s.getUpdatedExpr().attrTyp();
        WurstType rightType = s.getRight().attrTyp();

        checkAssignment(Utils.isJassCode(s), s, leftType, rightType);

        checkIfAssigningToConstant(s.getUpdatedExpr());

        checkIfNoEffectAssignment(s);
    }

    private void checkIfNoEffectAssignment(StmtSet s) {
        if (refersToSameVar(s.getUpdatedExpr(), s.getRight())) {
            s.addWarning("The assignment to " + Utils.printElement(s.getUpdatedExpr().attrNameDef())
                    + " probably has no effect.");
        }

    }

    private boolean refersToSameVar(OptExpr a, OptExpr b) {
        if (a instanceof NoExpr && b instanceof NoExpr) {
            return true;
        }
        if (a instanceof ExprThis && b instanceof ExprThis) {
            return true;
        }
        if (a instanceof NameRef && b instanceof NameRef) {
            NameRef va = (NameRef) a;
            NameRef vb = (NameRef) b;
            NameLink nla = va.attrNameLink();
            NameLink nlb = vb.attrNameLink();
            if (nla != null && nlb != null
                    && !(nla instanceof OtherLink)
                    && !(nlb instanceof OtherLink)
                    && nla.getDef() == nlb.getDef()
                    && refersToSameVar(va.attrImplicitParameter(), vb.attrImplicitParameter())) {
                if (va instanceof AstElementWithIndexes && vb instanceof AstElementWithIndexes) {
                    AstElementWithIndexes vai = (AstElementWithIndexes) va;
                    AstElementWithIndexes vbi = (AstElementWithIndexes) vb;

                    for (int i = 0; i < vai.getIndexes().size() && i < vbi.getIndexes().size(); i++) {
                        if (!refersToSameVar(vai.getIndexes().get(i), vbi.getIndexes().get(i))) {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private void checkIfAssigningToConstant(final LExpr left) {
        left.match(new LExpr.MatcherVoid() {

            @Override
            public void case_ExprVarArrayAccess(ExprVarArrayAccess e) {

            }

            @Override
            public void case_ExprVarAccess(ExprVarAccess e) {
                checkVarNotConstant(e, e.attrNameLink());
            }

            @Override
            public void case_ExprMemberVarDot(ExprMemberVarDot e) {
                if (e.attrNameDef() instanceof WParameter) {
                    // we have an assignment to a tuple variable
                    // check whether left side is 'this' or a constant variable
                    if (e.getLeft() instanceof ExprThis) {
                        e.addError("Cannot change 'this'. Tuples are not classes.");
                    } else if (e.getLeft() instanceof NameRef) {
                        checkIfAssigningToConstant((NameRef) e.getLeft());
                    } else {
                        e.addError(
                                "Ok, so you are trying to assign something to the return value of a function. This wont do nothing. Tuples are not classes.");
                    }
                }
                checkVarNotConstant(e, e.attrNameLink());
            }

            @Override
            public void case_ExprMemberArrayVarDot(ExprMemberArrayVarDot e) {

            }

            @Override
            public void case_ExprMemberArrayVarDotDot(ExprMemberArrayVarDotDot e) {
                e.addError("Cannot assign to dot-dot-expression.");
            }

            @Override
            public void case_ExprMemberVarDotDot(ExprMemberVarDotDot e) {
                e.addError("Cannot assign to dot-dot-expression.");
            }
        });
    }

    private void checkVarNotConstant(NameRef left, @Nullable NameLink link) {
        if (link == null) {
            return;
        }
        NameDef var = link.getDef();
        if (var != null && var.attrIsConstant()) {
            if (var instanceof GlobalVarDef) {
                GlobalVarDef glob = (GlobalVarDef) var;
                if (glob.attrIsDynamicClassMember() && isInConstructor(left)) {
                    // allow to assign constant members in constructor
                    return;
                }
            }
            left.addError("Cannot assign a new value to constant " + Utils.printElement(var));
        }
    }

    private boolean isInConstructor(Element e) {
        while (e != null) {
            if (e instanceof ConstructorDef) {
                return true;
            }
            e = e.getParent();
        }
        return false;
    }

    private void checkAssignment(boolean isJassCode, Element pos, WurstType leftType, WurstType rightType) {
        if (!rightType.isSubtypeOf(leftType, pos)) {
            // NEW: Allow null assignment to generic type parameters with colon constraint
            if (rightType instanceof WurstTypeNull && leftType instanceof WurstTypeBoundTypeParam) {
                WurstTypeBoundTypeParam boundParam = (WurstTypeBoundTypeParam) leftType;
                // Allow null for type parameters with colon constraint (class types)
                // The translator will handle substituting default values for primitives
                return;
            }
            if (rightType instanceof WurstTypeNull && leftType instanceof WurstTypeTypeParam) {
                WurstTypeTypeParam typeParam = (WurstTypeTypeParam) leftType;
                // Check if this type parameter has a colon constraint (can be class types)
                // Allow the assignment - translator will handle it
                return;
            }

            if (isJassCode) {
                if (leftType.isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeReal.instance(), pos)
                    && rightType.isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeInt.instance(), pos)) {
                    // special case: jass allows to assign an integer to a real
                    // variable
                    return;
                }
            }
            pos.addError("Cannot assign " + rightType + " to " + leftType);
        }
        if (leftType instanceof WurstTypeNamedScope) {
            WurstTypeNamedScope ns = (WurstTypeNamedScope) leftType;
            if (ns.isStaticRef()) {
                pos.addError("Missing variable name in variable declaration.\n" + "Cannot assign to " + leftType);
            }
        }
        if (leftType instanceof WurstTypeArray) {
            pos.addError("Missing array index for assignment to array variable.s");
        }
        if (rightType instanceof WurstTypeVoid) {
            if (pos.attrNearestPackage() instanceof WPackage) {
                WPackage pack = (WPackage) pos.attrNearestPackage();
                if (pack != null && !pack.getName().equals("WurstREPL")) { // allow assigning nothing to a variable in the Repl
                    pos.addError("Function or expression returns nothing. Cannot assign nothing to a variable.");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void visit(LocalVarDef s) {
        checkVarName(s, false);
        if (s.getInitialExpr() instanceof Expr) {
            Expr initial = (Expr) s.getInitialExpr();
            if ((s.getOptTyp() instanceof NoTypeExpr)) {
                // TODO
            } else {
                if (initial instanceof ExprNewObject) {
                    s.addWarning("Duplicated type information. Use 'var' or 'let' instead.");
                }
            }
            WurstType leftType = s.attrTyp();
            WurstType rightType = initial.attrTyp();

            checkAssignment(Utils.isJassCode(s), s, leftType, rightType);
        } else if (s.getInitialExpr() instanceof ArrayInitializer) {
            ArrayInitializer arInit = (ArrayInitializer) s.getInitialExpr();
            checkArrayInit(s, arInit);
        }
        checkIfRead(s);
    }

    private void checkArrayInit(VarDef def, ArrayInitializer arInit) {
        WurstType leftType = def.attrTyp();
        if (leftType instanceof WurstTypeArray) {
            WurstTypeArray arT = (WurstTypeArray) leftType;
            if (arT.getDimensions() > 1) {
                def.addError("Array initializer can only be used with one-dimensional arrays.");
            }
            if (arT.getDimensions() == 1) {
                int initialValues = arInit.getValues().size();
                int size = arT.getSize(0);
                if (size >= 0 && size != initialValues) {
                    def.addError("Array variable " + def.getName() + " is an array of size " + size + ", but is initialized with " + initialValues + " values here.");
                }

            }
            WurstType baseType = arT.getBaseType();
            for (Expr expr : arInit.getValues()) {
                if (!expr.attrTyp().isSubtypeOf(baseType, expr)) {
                    expr.addError("Expected expression of type " + baseType + " in array initialization, but found " + expr.attrTyp());
                }
            }
        } else {
            def.addError("Array initializer can only be used with array-variables, but " + Utils.printElement(def) + " has type " + leftType);
        }

    }

    private void checkIfRead(VarDef s) {
        if (s.getName().startsWith("_")) {
            // variables starting with an underscore are not read
            // (same convention as in Erlang)
            return;
        }
        if (Utils.isJassCode(s)) {
            return;
        }
        if (s.getParent() instanceof StmtForRange) {
            // it is ok, when the variable of a for-statement is not used
            return;
        }
        WScope f = s.attrNearestScope();
        if (f != null && !f.attrReadVariables().contains(s)) {
            s.addWarning("The " + Utils.printElement(s) + " is never read. If intentional, prefix with \"_\" to suppress this warning.");
        }
    }

    private void checkVarName(VarDef s, boolean isConstant) {
        String varName = s.getName();

        if (!isValidVarnameStart(varName) // first letter not lower case
                && !Utils.isJassCode(s) // not in jass code
                && !varName.matches("[A-Z0-9_]+") // not a constant
        ) {
            s.addWarning("Variable names should start with a lower case character. (" + varName + ")");
        }
        if (varName.equals("handle")) {
            s.addError("\"handle\" is not a valid variable name");
        } else if (varName.equals("code")) {
            s.addError("\"code\" is not a valid variable name");
        }

    }

    private boolean isValidVarnameStart(String varName) {
        return varName.length() > 0 && Character.isLowerCase(varName.charAt(0)) || varName.startsWith("_");
    }

    private void visit(WParameter p) {
        checkVarName(p, false);
        if (p.attrIsVararg()) {
            Element owner = p.getParent().getParent();
            if (owner instanceof ConstructorDef) {
                WParameters params = ((ConstructorDef) owner).getParameters();
                if (params.get(params.size() - 1) != p) {
                    p.addError("Vararg parameter in constructors must be last");
                }
            } else if (p.attrNearestFuncDef().getParameters().size() != 1) {
                p.addError("Vararg functions may only have one parameter");
            }
        }
        checkIfParameterIsRead(p);
    }

    private void checkIfParameterIsRead(WParameter p) {
        FunctionImplementation f = p.attrNearestFuncDef();
        if (f != null) {
            if (p.getParent().getParent() instanceof ExprClosure) {
                // closures can ignore parameters
                return;
            }
            if (f.attrIsOverride()) {
                // if a function is overridden it is ok to ignore parameters
                return;
            }
            if (f.attrIsAbstract()) {
                // if a function is abstract, then parameter vars are not used
                return;
            }
            if (f.attrHasAnnotation("compiletimenative")) {
                return;
            }
        } else {
            if (p.getParent().getParent() instanceof TupleDef) {
                // ignore tuples
                return;
            }
            if (p.getParent().getParent() instanceof NativeFunc) {
                // ignore native functions
                return;
            }
        }

        checkIfRead(p);
    }

    private void visit(GlobalVarDef s) {
        checkVarName(s, s.attrIsConstant());
        if (s.getInitialExpr() instanceof Expr) {
            Expr initial = (Expr) s.getInitialExpr();
            WurstType leftType = s.attrTyp();
            WurstType rightType = initial.attrTyp();
            checkAssignment(Utils.isJassCode(s), s, leftType, rightType);
        } else if (s.getInitialExpr() instanceof ArrayInitializer) {
            checkArrayInit(s, (ArrayInitializer) s.getInitialExpr());
        }

        if (s.attrTyp() instanceof WurstTypeArray && !s.attrIsStatic() && s.attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
            // s.addError("Array variables must be static.\n" +
            // "Hint: use Lists for dynamic stuff.");
        }
    }

    private void visit(StmtIf stmtIf) {
        WurstType condType = stmtIf.getCond().attrTyp();
        if (!(condType instanceof WurstTypeBool)) {
            stmtIf.getCond().addError("If condition must be a boolean but found " + condType);
        }
    }

    private void visit(StmtWhile stmtWhile) {
        WurstType condType = stmtWhile.getCond().attrTyp();
        if (!(condType instanceof WurstTypeBool)) {
            stmtWhile.getCond().addError("While condition must be a boolean but found " + condType);
        }
    }

    private void visit(ExtensionFuncDef func) {
        checkFunctionName(func);
        func.getExtendedType().attrTyp();
    }

    private void checkFunctionName(FunctionDefinition f) {
        if (!Utils.isJassCode(f)) {
            if (!isValidVarnameStart(f.getName())) {
                f.addWarning("Function names should start with an lower case character.");
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkReturn(FunctionLike func) {
        if (!isHeavy()) return;
        if (!func.attrHasEmptyBody()) {
            new ReturnsAnalysis().execute(func);
        } else { // no body, check if in interface:
            if (func instanceof FunctionImplementation) {
                FunctionImplementation funcDef = (FunctionImplementation) func;
                if (funcDef.getReturnTyp() instanceof TypeExpr
                        && !(func.attrNearestStructureDef() instanceof InterfaceDef)) {
                    func.addError("Function " + funcDef.getName()
                            + " is missing a body. Use the 'skip' statement to define an empty body.");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkReachability(WStatement s) {
        if (!isHeavy()) return;
        if (s.getParent() instanceof WStatements) {
            WStatements stmts = (WStatements) s.getParent();
            if (s.attrPreviousStatements().isEmpty()) {
                if (s.attrListIndex() > 0 || !(stmts.getParent() instanceof TranslatedToImFunction
                        || stmts.getParent() instanceof ExprStatementsBlock)) {
                    if (Utils.isJassCode(s)) {
                        // in jass this is just a warning, because
                        // the shitty code emitted by jasshelper sometimes
                        // contains unreachable code
                        s.addWarning("Unreachable code");
                    } else {
                        if (mightBeAffectedBySwitchThatCoversAllCases(s)) {
                            // fow backwards compatibility just use a warning when
                            // switch statements that handle all cases are involved:
                            s.addWarning("Unreachable code");
                        } else {
                            s.addError("Unreachable code");
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean mightBeAffectedBySwitchThatCoversAllCases(WStatement s) {
        boolean[] containsSwitchAr = { false };
        s.attrNearestNamedScope().accept(new Element.DefaultVisitor() {
            @Override
            public void visit(SwitchStmt switchStmt) {
                if (switchStmt.calculateHandlesAllCases()) {
                    containsSwitchAr[0] = true;
                }
            }
        });
        return containsSwitchAr[0];
    }

    private void visit(FuncDef func) {
        visitedFunctions++;
        func.getErrorHandler().setProgress(null, ProgressHelper.getValidatorPercent(visitedFunctions, functionCount));

        checkFunctionName(func);
        if (func.attrIsAbstract()) {
            if (!func.attrHasEmptyBody()) {
                func.addError("Abstract function " + func.getName() + " must not have a body.");
            }
            if (func.attrIsPrivate()) {
                func.addError("Abstract functions must not be private.");
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkUninitializedVars(FunctionLike f) {
        if (!isHeavy()) {
            // Phase-1: collect only. Avoid triggering extra attributes in light validation.
            heavyFunctions.add(f);
            return;
        }

        boolean isAbstract = false;
        if (f instanceof FuncDef) {
            FuncDef func = (FuncDef) f;
            if (func.attrIsAbstract()) {
                isAbstract = true;
                if (isHeavy() && !func.attrHasEmptyBody()) {
                    func.getBody().get(0)
                        .addError("The abstract function " + func.getName() + " must not have any statements.");
                }
            }
        }
        if (isAbstract) return;

        // Phase-2: actually run heavy analyses:
        checkReturn(f);

        if (!f.getSource().getFile().endsWith("common.j")
            && !f.getSource().getFile().endsWith("blizzard.j")
            && !f.getSource().getFile().endsWith("war3map.j")) {
            new DataflowAnomalyAnalysis(Utils.isJassCode(f)).execute(f);
        }
        checkJassImplicitNullLocalsReadWithoutExplicitWrite(f);
    }

    /**
     * JASS compatibility shim: we currently synthesize "= null" for uninitialized non-primitive
     * locals to avoid invalid emitted JASS. Still report likely user bugs early when such a local
     * is read before its first explicit assignment in the input.
     */
    private void checkJassImplicitNullLocalsReadWithoutExplicitWrite(FunctionLike f) {
        if (!Utils.isJassCode(f)) {
            return;
        }

        List<LocalVarDef> implicitNullLocals = new ArrayList<>();
        f.accept(new Element.DefaultVisitor() {
            @Override
            public void visit(LocalVarDef localVarDef) {
                super.visit(localVarDef);
                if (isImplicitNullInit(localVarDef)) {
                    implicitNullLocals.add(localVarDef);
                }
            }
        });
        if (implicitNullLocals.isEmpty()) {
            return;
        }

        Set<LocalVarDef> implicitNullLocalSet = new HashSet<>(implicitNullLocals);
        Map<LocalVarDef, StmtSet> firstExplicitWrite = new HashMap<>();
        f.accept(new Element.DefaultVisitor() {
            @Override
            public void visit(StmtSet stmtSet) {
                super.visit(stmtSet);
                NameLink link = stmtSet.getUpdatedExpr().attrNameLink();
                if (link != null && link.getDef() instanceof LocalVarDef) {
                    LocalVarDef local = (LocalVarDef) link.getDef();
                    if (!implicitNullLocalSet.contains(local)) {
                        return;
                    }
                    StmtSet previous = firstExplicitWrite.get(local);
                    if (previous == null
                        || stmtSet.attrSource().getLeftPos() < previous.attrSource().getLeftPos()) {
                        firstExplicitWrite.put(local, stmtSet);
                    }
                }
            }
        });

        Set<LocalVarDef> readBeforeExplicitWrite = new HashSet<>();
        f.accept(new Element.DefaultVisitor() {
            @Override
            public void visit(ExprVarAccess varAccess) {
                super.visit(varAccess);
                NameLink link = varAccess.attrNameLink();
                if (link == null || !(link.getDef() instanceof LocalVarDef)) {
                    return;
                }
                LocalVarDef local = (LocalVarDef) link.getDef();
                if (!implicitNullLocalSet.contains(local)) {
                    return;
                }
                if (isWriteTarget(varAccess)) {
                    return;
                }
                StmtSet firstWrite = firstExplicitWrite.get(local);
                if (firstWrite == null) {
                    readBeforeExplicitWrite.add(local);
                    return;
                }
                StmtSet enclosingSet = nearestEnclosingStmtSet(varAccess);
                if (enclosingSet == firstWrite) {
                    readBeforeExplicitWrite.add(local);
                    return;
                }
                if (varAccess.attrSource().getLeftPos() < firstWrite.attrSource().getLeftPos()) {
                    readBeforeExplicitWrite.add(local);
                }
            }
        });

        for (LocalVarDef local : implicitNullLocals) {
            if (readBeforeExplicitWrite.contains(local)) {
                local.addWarning("Variable " + local.getName()
                    + " is read before explicit initialization in input JASS; defaulting to null.");
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean isWriteTarget(ExprVarAccess varAccess) {
        if (!(varAccess.getParent() instanceof StmtSet)) {
            return false;
        }
        StmtSet set = (StmtSet) varAccess.getParent();
        return set.getUpdatedExpr() == varAccess;
    }

    private @Nullable StmtSet nearestEnclosingStmtSet(Element e) {
        Element current = e.getParent();
        while (current != null) {
            if (current instanceof StmtSet) {
                return (StmtSet) current;
            }
            current = current.getParent();
        }
        return null;
    }

    private boolean isImplicitNullInit(LocalVarDef localVarDef) {
        if (!(localVarDef.getInitialExpr() instanceof ExprNull)) {
            return false;
        }
        // Synthetic null-inits created by the JASS parser use the exact local declaration source span.
        return sameSourceSpan(localVarDef.getInitialExpr().attrSource(), localVarDef.attrSource());
    }

    private boolean sameSourceSpan(de.peeeq.wurstscript.parser.WPos a, de.peeeq.wurstscript.parser.WPos b) {
        return a.getFile().equals(b.getFile())
            && a.getLeftPos() == b.getLeftPos()
            && a.getRightPos() == b.getRightPos();
    }





    private void checkCall(StmtCall call) {
        if (call instanceof ExprFunctionCall && isConstructorThisCall((ExprFunctionCall) call)) {
            return;
        }
        String funcName;
        if (call instanceof FunctionCall) {
            FunctionCall fcall = (FunctionCall) call;
            funcName = fcall.getFuncName();
            HashSet<FunctionCall> fcalls = wrapperCalls.computeIfAbsent(funcName, (String s) -> new HashSet<>());
            fcalls.add(fcall);
        } else if (call instanceof ExprNewObject) {
            funcName = "constructor";
        } else {
            throw new Error("unhandled case: " + Utils.printElement(call));
        }

        call.attrCallSignature().checkSignatureCompatibility(call.attrFunctionSignature(), funcName, call);
    }

    /** Error when a field in this class hides a field from a superclass. */
    private void checkFieldShadowing(ClassDef c) {
        // Iterate only the fields *declared* in this class:
        for (NameLink nl : c.attrNameLinks().values()) {
            NameDef def = nl.getDef();
            // consider only variables that are declared in this class body
            if (!(def instanceof GlobalVarDef)) continue;
            if (nl.getDefinedIn() != c) continue; // not declared here

            String name = def.getName();

            // Look up all visible declarations of the same name in this class scope:
            ImmutableCollection<DefLink> all = c.attrNameLinks().get(name);
            for (DefLink other : all) {
                if (!(other instanceof NameLink)) continue;
                if (other.getDefinedIn() == c) continue; // skip "self" (duplicates in same class handled elsewhere)
                NameDef od = other.getDef();
                if (!(od instanceof GlobalVarDef)) continue;

                // Is the other definition a superclass' field?
                StructureDef owner = od.attrNearestStructureDef();
                if (owner instanceof ClassDef) {
                    ClassDef superOwner = (ClassDef) owner;
                    if (isStrictSuperclassOf(superOwner, c)) {
                        // produce the requested error text
                        def.addError("Variable " + name + " in class " + c.getName()
                            + " hides variable " + name + " from superclass " + superOwner.getName());
                        // one error per conflicting ancestor is enough
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private static boolean isStrictSuperclassOf(ClassDef sup, ClassDef sub) {
        WurstTypeClass t = sub.attrTypC();
        WurstTypeClass cur = (t != null) ? t.extendedClass() : null;
        while (cur != null) {
            ClassDef cd = cur.getClassDef();
            if (cd == sup) return true;
            cur = cur.extendedClass();
        }
        return false;
    }

    private static boolean isSubtypeCached(WurstType actual, WurstType expected, Element site) {
        // Fast paths first
        if (actual == expected) return true;
        if (actual.equalsType(expected, site)) return true;

        return actual.isSubtypeOf(expected, site);
    }

    private void checkAnnotation(Annotation a) {
        FuncLink fl = a.attrFuncLink();
        if (fl == null) return;

        // pull once; avoid repeated virtual calls and size reads
        final var args = a.getArgs();
        final int argCount = args.size();

        // pull all parameter types once (and reuse). If FuncLink can expose an array, even better.
        final var paramTypes = fl.getParameterTypes();
        final int paramCount = paramTypes.size();

        if (argCount < paramCount) {
            a.addWarning("not enough arguments");
            return;
        } else if (argCount > paramCount) {
            a.addWarning("too many arguments");
            return;
        }

        // same count; validate pairwise
        for (int i = 0; i < argCount; i++) {
            // avoid double indexing/attr calls
            final var argExpr = args.get(i);
            final WurstType actual = argExpr.attrTyp();
            final WurstType expected = paramTypes.get(i);

            // fast path: == / equals handled inside isSubtypeCached too,
            // but doing it here keeps it branch-predictable and avoids map lookups for exact matches
            if (actual.equalsType(expected, a)) {
                continue;
            }

            if (!isSubtypeCached(actual, expected, a)) {
                // build message only on miss
                argExpr.addWarning("Expected " + expected + " but found " + actual + ".");
            }
        }
    }


    private void visit(ExprFunctionCall stmtCall) {
        String funcName = stmtCall.getFuncName();
        if (isConstructorThisCall(stmtCall)) {
            return;
        }
        // calculating the exprType should reveal most errors:
        stmtCall.attrTyp();

        checkFuncDefDeprecated(stmtCall);

        if (stmtCall.attrFuncLink() != null) {
            FuncLink calledFunc = stmtCall.attrFuncLink();
            if (calledFunc.getDef().attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
                if (!stmtCall.attrIsDynamicContext()) {
                    stmtCall.addError("Cannot call dynamic function " + funcName + " from static context.");
                }
            }
            if (calledFunc.getDef() instanceof ExtensionFuncDef) {
                stmtCall.addError("Extension function " + funcName + " must be called with an explicit receiver.\n"
                        + "Try to write this." + funcName + "(...) .");
            }
        }

        // special check for filter & condition:
        if (Utils.oneOf(funcName, "Condition", "Filter") && !stmtCall.getArgs().isEmpty()) {
            Expr firstArg = stmtCall.getArgs().get(0);
            if (firstArg instanceof ExprFuncRef) {
                ExprFuncRef exprFuncRef = (ExprFuncRef) firstArg;
                FuncLink f = exprFuncRef.attrFuncLink();
                if (f != null) {
                    if (!(f.getReturnType() instanceof WurstTypeBool) && !(f.getReturnType() instanceof WurstTypeVoid)) {
                        firstArg.addError("Functions passed to Filter or Condition must return boolean or nothing.");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    // private void checkParams(Element where, List<Expr> args,
    // FunctionDefinition calledFunc) {
    // if (calledFunc == null) {
    // return;
    // }
    // List<PscriptType> parameterTypes = calledFunc.attrParameterTypes();
    // checkParams(where, args, parameterTypes);
    // }

    @Deprecated
    private void checkParams(Element where, String preMsg, List<Expr> args, FunctionSignature sig) {
        checkParams(where, preMsg, args, sig.getParamTypes());
    }

    @Deprecated
    private void checkParams(Element where, String preMsg, List<Expr> args, List<WurstType> parameterTypes) {
        boolean isVararg = !parameterTypes.isEmpty() && Utils.getLast(parameterTypes) instanceof WurstTypeVararg;
        int minParameters = isVararg ? parameterTypes.size() - 1 : parameterTypes.size();
        if (args.size() < minParameters) {
            where.addError(preMsg + "Missing parameters.");
        } else if (!isVararg && args.size() > parameterTypes.size()) {
            where.addError(preMsg + "Too many parameters.");
        } else {
            WurstType varargBaseType = isVararg
                    ? ((WurstTypeVararg) Utils.getLast(parameterTypes)).getBaseType()
                    : null;
            for (int i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) {
                WurstType actual = args.get(i).attrTyp();
                WurstType expected;
                if (isVararg && i >= parameterTypes.size() - 1) {
                    expected = varargBaseType;
                } else {
                    expected = parameterTypes.get(i);
                }
                if (!actual.isSubtypeOf(expected, where)) {
                    args.get(i).addError(
                            preMsg + "Expected " + expected + " as parameter " + (i + 1) + " but found " + actual);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void visit(ExprBinary expr) {
        FuncLink def = expr.attrFuncLink();
        if (def != null) {
            FunctionSignature sig = FunctionSignature.fromNameLink(def);
            CallSignature callSig = new CallSignature(expr.getLeft(), Collections.singletonList(expr.getRight()));
            callSig.checkSignatureCompatibility(sig, "" + expr.getOp(), expr);
        }
    }

    private void visit(ExprMemberMethod stmtCall) {
        // calculating the exprType should reveal all errors:
        stmtCall.attrTyp();
    }

    private void visit(ExprNewObject stmtCall) {
        stmtCall.attrTyp();
        stmtCall.attrConstructorDef();
    }

    private void visit(Modifiers modifiers) {
        boolean hasVis = false;
        boolean isStatic = false;
        for (Modifier m : modifiers) {
            if (m instanceof VisibilityModifier) {
                if (hasVis) {
                    m.addError("Each element can only have one visibility modifier (public, private, ...)");
                }
                hasVis = true;
            } else if (m instanceof ModStatic) {
                if (isStatic) {
                    m.addError("double static? - what r u trying to do?");
                }
                isStatic = true;
            }
        }
    }

    private void visit(StmtReturn s) {
        if (s.attrNearestExprStatementsBlock() != null) {
            ExprStatementsBlock e = s.attrNearestExprStatementsBlock();
            if (!isClosureImplementationBlock(e) && e.getReturnStmt() != s) {
                s.addError("Return in a statements block can only be at the end.");
                return;
            }
            if (s.getReturnedObj() instanceof Expr) {
                Expr expr = (Expr) s.getReturnedObj();
                if (expr.attrTyp().isVoid()) {
                    s.addError("Cannot return void from statements block.");
                }
            } else {
                s.addError("Cannot have empty return statement in statements block.");
            }
        } else {
            FunctionImplementation func = s.attrNearestFuncDef();
            if (func == null) {
                s.addError("return statements can only be used inside functions");
                return;
            }
            checkReturnInFunc(s, func);
        }
    }

    private boolean isClosureImplementationBlock(ExprStatementsBlock block) {
        Element parent = block.getParent();
        return parent instanceof ExprClosure && ((ExprClosure) parent).getImplementation() == block;
    }

    private void checkReturnInFunc(StmtReturn s, FunctionImplementation func) {
        WurstType returnType = func.attrReturnTyp();
        if (s.getReturnedObj() instanceof Expr) {
            Expr returned = (Expr) s.getReturnedObj();
            if (returnType.isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeVoid.instance(), s)) {
                s.addError("Cannot return a value from a function which returns nothing");
            } else {
                WurstType returnedType = returned.attrTyp();
                if (!returnedType.isSubtypeOf(returnType, s)) {
                    // NEW: Allow returning null for generic type parameters
                    if (returnedType instanceof WurstTypeNull &&
                        (returnType instanceof WurstTypeBoundTypeParam || returnType instanceof WurstTypeTypeParam)) {
                        // Allow null return for generic type parameters
                        // The translator will handle substituting default values for primitives
                        return;
                    }

                    s.addError("Cannot return " + returnedType + ", expected expression of type " + returnType);
                }
            }
        } else { // empty return
            if (!returnType.isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeVoid.instance(), s)) {
                s.addError("Missing return value");
            }
        }
    }

    private void visit(ClassDef classDef) {
        checkTypeName(classDef, classDef.getName());
        if (!(classDef.getExtendedClass() instanceof NoTypeExpr)
            && !(classDef.getExtendedClass().attrTyp() instanceof WurstTypeClass)) {
            classDef.getExtendedClass().addError("Classes may only extend other classes.");
        }
        if (classDef.isInnerClass() && !classDef.attrIsStatic()) {
            classDef.addError("At the moment only static inner classes are supported.");
        }

        checkFieldShadowing(classDef);
    }

    private void checkTypeName(Element source, String name) {
        if (!Character.isUpperCase(name.charAt(0))) {
            source.addWarning("Type names should start with upper case characters.");
        }
    }

    private void visit(ModuleDef moduleDef) {
        checkTypeName(moduleDef, moduleDef.getName());
        // calculate all functions to find possible errors
        moduleDef.attrNameLinks();
    }

    private void visit(ExprDestroy stmtDestroy) {
        if (stmtDestroy.getDestroyedObj() instanceof ExprThis) {
            if (isInConstructor(stmtDestroy)) {
                stmtDestroy.addWarning("Should not destroy 'this' in constructor, because 'new' would return an invalid object.\nMove destruction logic into a separate function outside the constructor.\nThis will be an error in the future.");
            }
        }

        WurstType typ = stmtDestroy.getDestroyedObj().attrTyp();
        if (typ instanceof WurstTypeModule) {

        } else if (typ instanceof WurstTypeClass) {
            WurstTypeClass c = (WurstTypeClass) typ;
            checkDestroyClass(stmtDestroy, c);
        } else if (typ instanceof WurstTypeInterface) {
            WurstTypeInterface i = (WurstTypeInterface) typ;
            checkDestroyInterface(stmtDestroy, i);
        } else {
            stmtDestroy.addError("Cannot destroy objects of type " + typ);
        }
    }

    private void checkDestroyInterface(ExprDestroy stmtDestroy, WurstTypeInterface i) {
        if (i.isStaticRef()) {
            stmtDestroy.addError("Cannot destroy interface " + i);
        }
    }

    private void checkDestroyClass(ExprDestroy stmtDestroy, WurstTypeClass c) {
        if (c.isStaticRef()) {
            stmtDestroy.addError("Cannot destroy class " + c);
        }
        calledFunctions.put(stmtDestroy.attrNearestScope(), c.getClassDef().getOnDestroy());
    }

    private void visit(ExprVarAccess e) {
        checkVarRef(e, e.attrIsDynamicContext());
    }

    private void visit(WImport wImport) {
        if (wImport.attrImportedPackage() == null) {
            if (!wImport.getPackagename().equals("NoWurst")) {
                wImport.addError("Could not find imported package " + wImport.getPackagename());
            }
            return;
        }
        if (!wImport.attrImportedPackage().getName().equals("Wurst")
                && wImport.attrImportedPackage().getName().equals(wImport.attrNearestNamedScope().getName())) {
            wImport.addError("Packages cannot import themselves");
        }
    }

    /**
     * check if the nameRef e is accessed correctly i.e. not using a dynamic
     * variable from a static context
     *
     * @param e
     * @param dynamicContext
     */
    private void checkVarRef(NameRef e, boolean dynamicContext) {
        NameLink link = e.attrNameLink();
        if (link == null || link instanceof OtherLink) {
            return;
        }
        NameDef def = link.getDef();
        if (def instanceof GlobalVarDef) {
            GlobalVarDef g = (GlobalVarDef) def;
            if (g.attrIsDynamicClassMember() && !dynamicContext) {
                e.addError("Cannot reference dynamic variable " + e.getVarName() + " from static context.");
            }
        }
        checkNameRefDeprecated(e, def);
        if (e.attrTyp() instanceof WurstTypeNamedScope) {
            WurstTypeNamedScope wtns = (WurstTypeNamedScope) e.attrTyp();
            if (wtns.isStaticRef()) {
                if (isUsedAsReceiverInExprMember(e) && isNewGenericTypeDef(def)) {
                    Element parent = e.getParent();
                    parent.addError(
                        "Cannot access members via generic type '" + def.getName() + "' without specialization.\n"
                            + "New generics (<T:>) require a concrete specialization; use an instance receiver instead."
                    );
                    return;
                }
                if (!isUsedAsReceiverInExprMember(e)) {
                    e.addError("Reference to " + e.getVarName() + " cannot be used as an expression.");
                } else if (e.getParent() instanceof ExprMemberMethodDotDot) {
                    e.addError("Reference to " + e.getVarName()
                            + " cannot be used with the cascade operator. Only dynamic objects are allowed.");
                } else if (e.getParent() instanceof ExprMemberMethod) {
                    ExprMemberMethod em = (ExprMemberMethod) e.getParent();
                    if (em.attrFuncDef() instanceof ExtensionFuncDef) {
                        e.addError("Reference to " + e.getVarName()
                                + " can only be used for calling static methods, but not for calling extension method method '" + em.getFuncName() + "'.");
                    }


                }
            }
        }

    }

    private boolean isUsedAsReceiverInExprMember(Expr e) {
        if (e.getParent() instanceof ExprMember) {
            ExprMember em = (ExprMember) e.getParent();
            return em.getLeft() == e;
        } else if (e.getParent() instanceof StmtForIn) {
            // if we write for x in E, then it actually calls E.iterator(), so it is used in an ExprMember
            StmtForIn parent = (StmtForIn) e.getParent();
            return parent.getIn() == e;
        } else if (e.getParent() instanceof StmtForFrom) {
            StmtForFrom parent = (StmtForFrom) e.getParent();
            return parent.getIn() == e;
        }
        return false;
    }

    private void checkTypeBinding(HasTypeArgs e) {
        VariableBinding mapping = e.match(new HasTypeArgs.Matcher<VariableBinding>() {

            @Override
            public VariableBinding case_ExprNewObject(ExprNewObject e) {
                return e.attrTyp().getTypeArgBinding();
            }

            @Override
            public VariableBinding case_ModuleUse(ModuleUse moduleUse) {
                return null;
            }

            @Override
            public VariableBinding case_TypeExprSimple(TypeExprSimple e) {
                return e.attrTyp().getTypeArgBinding();
            }

            @Override
            public VariableBinding case_ExprFunctionCall(ExprFunctionCall e) {
                if (isConstructorThisCall(e)) {
                    return null;
                }
                return e.attrTyp().getTypeArgBinding();
            }

            @Override
            public VariableBinding case_ExprMemberMethodDot(ExprMemberMethodDot e) {
                return e.attrTyp().getTypeArgBinding();
            }

            @Override
            public VariableBinding case_ExprMemberMethodDotDot(ExprMemberMethodDotDot e) {
                return e.attrTyp().getTypeArgBinding();
            }
        });
        if (mapping == null) {
            return;
        }

        for (Tuple2<TypeParamDef, WurstTypeBoundTypeParam> t : mapping) {
            WurstTypeBoundTypeParam boundTyp = t._2();
            WurstType typ = boundTyp.getBaseType();

            TypeParamDef tp = t._1();
            if (isTypeParamNewGeneric(tp)) {
                // new style generics
            } else { // old style generics

                if (!typ.isTranslatedToInt() && !(e instanceof ModuleUse)) {
                    String toIndexFuncName = ImplicitFuncs.toIndexFuncName(typ);
                    String fromIndexFuncName = ImplicitFuncs.fromIndexFuncName(typ);
                    Collection<FuncLink> toIndexFuncs = ImplicitFuncs.findToIndexFuncs(typ, e);
                    Collection<FuncLink> fromIndexFuncs = ImplicitFuncs.findFromIndexFuncs(typ, e);
                    if (toIndexFuncs.isEmpty()) {
                        e.addError("Type parameters can only be bound to ints and class types, but " + "not to " + typ
                                + ".\n" + "You can provide functions " + toIndexFuncName + " and " + fromIndexFuncName
                                + " to use this type " + "with generics.");
                    } else if (fromIndexFuncs.isEmpty()) {
                        e.addError("Could not find function " + fromIndexFuncName + " which is required to use " + typ
                                + " with generics.");
                    } else {
                        if (toIndexFuncs.size() > 1) {
                            e.addError("There is more than one function named " + toIndexFuncName);
                        }
                        if (fromIndexFuncs.size() > 1) {
                            e.addError("There is more than one function named " + fromIndexFuncName);
                        }
                        NameDef toIndex = Utils.getFirst(toIndexFuncs).getDef();
                        if (toIndex instanceof FuncDef) {
                            FuncDef toIndexF = (FuncDef) toIndex;

                            if (toIndexF.getParameters().size() != 1) {
                                toIndexF.addError("Must have exactly one parameter");

                            } else if (!toIndexF.getParameters().get(0).attrTyp().equalsType(typ, e)) {
                                toIndexF.addError("Parameter must be of type " + typ);
                            }

                            WurstType returnType = toIndexF.attrReturnTyp();
                            if (!returnType.equalsType(WurstTypeInt.instance(), e)) {
                                toIndexF.addError("Return type must be of type int " + " but was " + returnType);
                            }
                        } else {
                            toIndex.addError("This should be a function.");
                        }

                        NameDef fromIndex = Utils.getFirst(fromIndexFuncs).getDef();
                        if (fromIndex instanceof FuncDef) {
                            FuncDef fromIndexF = (FuncDef) fromIndex;

                            if (fromIndexF.getParameters().size() != 1) {
                                fromIndexF.addError("Must have exactly one parameter");

                            } else if (!fromIndexF.getParameters().get(0).attrTyp()
                                    .equalsType(WurstTypeInt.instance(), e)) {
                                fromIndexF.addError("Parameter must be of type int");
                            }

                            WurstType returnType = fromIndexF.attrReturnTyp();
                            if (!returnType.equalsType(typ, e)) {
                                fromIndexF.addError("Return type must be of type " + typ + " but was " + returnType);
                            }

                        } else {
                            fromIndex.addError("This should be a function.");
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public static boolean isTypeParamNewGeneric(TypeParamDef tp) {
        return tp.getTypeParamConstraints() instanceof TypeExprList;
    }

    private void checkFuncRef(FuncRef ref) {
        if (isConstructorThisCall(ref)) {
            return;
        }
        if (ref.getFuncName().isEmpty()) {
            ref.addError("Missing function name.");
        }
        checkFuncDefDeprecated(ref);
        FuncLink called = ref.attrFuncLink();
        if (called == null) {
            return;
        }
        WScope scope = ref.attrNearestFuncDef();
        if (scope == null) {
            scope = ref.attrNearestScope();
        }
        if (!(ref instanceof ExprFuncRef)) { // ExprFuncRef is not a direct call
            calledFunctions.put(scope, called.getDef());
        }
    }

    private void checkNameRefDeprecated(Element trace, NameLink link) {
        if (link != null) {
            checkNameRefDeprecated(trace, link.getDef());
        }

    }

    private void checkNameRefDeprecated(Element trace, NameDef def) {
        if (def != null && def.hasAnnotation("@deprecated")) {
            Annotation annotation = def.getAnnotation("@deprecated");
            String msg = annotation.getAnnotationMessage();
            msg = (msg == null || msg.isEmpty()) ? "It shouldn't be used and will be removed in the future." : msg;
            trace.addWarning("<" + def.getName() + "> is deprecated. " + msg);
        }
    }

    private void checkFuncDefDeprecated(FuncRef ref) {
        checkNameRefDeprecated(ref, ref.attrFuncLink());
    }

    private void checkFuncRef(ExprFuncRef ref) {
        FuncLink called = ref.attrFuncLink();
        if (called == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (ref.attrTyp() instanceof WurstTypeCode) {
            if (called.getDef().attrParameterTypesIncludingReceiver().size() > 0) {
                String msg = "Can only use functions without parameters in 'code' function references.";
                if (called.getDef().attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
                    msg += "\nNote that " + called.getName()
                            + " is a dynamic function and thus has an implicit parameter 'this'.";
                }
                ref.addError(msg);
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkModifiers(final HasModifier e) {
        final boolean inParams = e.getParent() instanceof WParameters;

        for (final Modifier m : e.getModifiers()) {
            if (m instanceof WurstDoc) continue;
            if (m instanceof ModVararg && inParams) continue;

            final boolean isJurst = m.attrSource().getFile().endsWith(".jurst");

            final StringBuilder[] error = {null}; // lazily allocate only if needed

            e.match(new HasModifier.MatcherVoid() {

                @SafeVarargs
                private final void check(Class<? extends Modifier>... allowed) {
                    if (allowed.length == 0) {
                        if (error[0] == null) error[0] = new StringBuilder(96);
                        error[0].setLength(0);
                        error[0].append("Type Parameters must not have modifiers");
                        return;
                    }

                    boolean isAllowed = false;
                    for (Class<? extends Modifier> a : allowed) {
                        String modName = m.getClass().getName();
                        String allowedName = a.getName();
                        if (modName.startsWith(allowedName)) {
                            isAllowed = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (isAllowed) return;

                    if (error[0] == null) {
                        error[0] = new StringBuilder(160);
                        error[0].append("Modifier ")
                            .append(printMod(m))
                            .append(" not allowed for ")
                            .append(Utils.printElement(e))
                            .append(". Allowed: ");
                    } else {
                        error[0].append(", ");
                    }

                    boolean first = true;
                    for (Class<? extends Modifier> c : allowed) {
                        if (!first) error[0].append(", ");
                        error[0].append(printMod(c));
                        first = false;
                    }
                }

                @Override
                public void case_WParameter(WParameter wParameter) {
                    check(ModConstant.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_WShortParameter(WShortParameter wShortParameter) {
                    check(ModConstant.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_TypeParamDef(TypeParamDef typeParamDef) {
                    check();
                }

                @Override
                public void case_NativeType(NativeType nativeType) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_NativeFunc(NativeFunc nativeFunc) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class, Annotation.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_ModuleInstanciation(ModuleInstanciation moduleInstanciation) {
                    check(VisibilityPrivate.class, VisibilityProtected.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_ModuleDef(ModuleDef moduleDef) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_LocalVarDef(LocalVarDef localVarDef) {
                    check(ModConstant.class);
                    if (localVarDef.hasAnnotation("@compiletime")) {
                        localVarDef.getAnnotation("@compiletime")
                            .addWarning("The annotation '@compiletime' has no effect on variables.");
                    }
                }

                @Override
                public void case_GlobalVarDef(GlobalVarDef g) {
                    if (g.attrNearestClassOrModule() != null) {
                        check(VisibilityPrivate.class, VisibilityProtected.class,
                            ModStatic.class, ModConstant.class, Annotation.class);
                    } else {
                        check(VisibilityPublic.class, ModConstant.class, Annotation.class);
                    }
                    if (g.hasAnnotation("@compiletime")) {
                        g.getAnnotation("@compiletime")
                            .addWarning("The annotation '@compiletime' has no effect on variables.");
                    }
                }

                @Override
                public void case_FuncDef(FuncDef f) {
                    if (f.attrNearestStructureDef() != null) {
                        if (f.attrNearestStructureDef() instanceof InterfaceDef) {
                            check(VisibilityPrivate.class, VisibilityProtected.class,
                                ModAbstract.class, ModOverride.class, Annotation.class);
                        } else {
                            check(VisibilityPrivate.class, VisibilityProtected.class,
                                ModAbstract.class, ModOverride.class, ModStatic.class, Annotation.class);
                            if (f.attrNearestStructureDef() instanceof ClassDef) {
                                if (f.attrIsStatic() && f.attrIsAbstract()) {
                                    f.addError("Static functions cannot be abstract.");
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        check(VisibilityPublic.class, Annotation.class);
                    }
                    if (f.attrIsCompiletime()) {
                        if (f.getParameters().size() > 0) {
                            f.addError("Functions annotated '@compiletime' may not take parameters.\n"
                                + "Note: The annotation marks functions to be executed by wurst at compiletime.");
                        } else if (f.attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
                            f.addError("Functions annotated '@compiletime' must be static.\n"
                                + "Note: The annotation marks functions to be executed by wurst at compiletime.");
                        }
                    }
                }

                @Override
                public void case_ExtensionFuncDef(ExtensionFuncDef extensionFuncDef) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class, Annotation.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_ConstructorDef(ConstructorDef constructorDef) {
                    check(VisibilityPrivate.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_ClassDef(ClassDef classDef) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class, ModAbstract.class, ModStatic.class);
                    if (!classDef.isInnerClass() && classDef.attrIsStatic()) {
                        classDef.addError("Top-level class " + classDef.getName()
                            + " cannot be static. Only inner classes can be declared static.");
                    }
                }

                @Override
                public void case_InterfaceDef(InterfaceDef interfaceDef) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_TupleDef(TupleDef tupleDef) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_WPackage(WPackage wPackage) {
                    check();
                }

                @Override
                public void case_EnumDef(EnumDef enumDef) {
                    check(VisibilityPublic.class);
                }

                @Override
                public void case_EnumMember(EnumMember enumMember) {
                    check();
                }
            });

            if (error[0] != null && error[0].length() > 0) {
                if (isJurst) {
                    m.addWarning(error[0].toString());
                } else {
                    m.addError(error[0].toString());
                }
            }
        }
    }



    private static String printMod(Class<? extends Modifier> c) {
        String name = c.getName().toLowerCase();
        name = name.replaceFirst("^.*\\.", "");
        name = name.replaceAll("^(mod|visibility)", "");
        name = name.replaceAll("impl$", "");
        return name;
    }

    private static String printMod(Modifier m) {
        if (m instanceof Annotation) {
            return ((Annotation) m).getAnnotationType();
        }
        return printMod(m.getClass());
    }

    private void checkConstructor(ConstructorDef d) {
        if (d.attrNearestClassOrModule() instanceof ModuleDef) {
            if (d.getParameters().size() > 0) {
                d.getParameters().addError("Module constructors must not have parameters.");
            }
        }
        FunctionCall thisCall = getFirstThisConstructorCall(d);
        StructureDef s = d.attrNearestStructureDef();
        if (s instanceof ClassDef) {
            ClassDef c = (ClassDef) s;
            WurstTypeClass ct = c.attrTypC();
            WurstTypeClass extendedClass = ct.extendedClass();
            if (extendedClass != null) {
                if (thisCall != null) {
                    // Delegating constructors call another constructor which then handles super().
                    return;
                }
                // Use the *bound* super-constructor signature
                ConstructorDef sc = d.attrSuperConstructor();
                if (sc == null) {
                    d.addError("No super constructor found.");
                } else {
                    // Build expected param types in the subclass binding context
                    List<WurstType> expected = Lists.newArrayList();

                    // The binding that maps the superclass type params to the subclass type args
                    VariableBinding binding = extendedClass.getTypeArgBinding();

                    for (WParameter p : sc.getParameters()) {
                        WurstType t = p.attrTyp();
                        t = t.setTypeArgs(binding);

                        expected.add(t);
                    }

                    if (d.getSuperConstructorCall() instanceof NoSuperConstructorCall
                        && !expected.isEmpty()) {
                        c.addError("The extended class <" + extendedClass.getName() + "> does not expose a no-arg constructor. " +
                            "You must define a constructor that calls super(..) appropriately, in this class.");
                    } else {
                        checkParams(d, "Incorrect call to super constructor: ", superArgs(d), expected);
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
            if (d.getSuperConstructorCall() instanceof SomeSuperConstructorCall) {
                d.addError("Module constructors cannot have super calls.");
            }
        }
    }



    private void checkArrayAccess(ExprVarArrayAccess ea) {
        checkNameRefDeprecated(ea, ea.tryGetNameDef());
        for (Expr index : ea.getIndexes()) {
            if (!(index.attrTyp().isSubtypeOf(WurstTypeInt.instance(), ea))) {
                index.addError("Arrayindices have to be of type int");
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkInterfaceDef(InterfaceDef i) {
        checkTypeName(i, i.getName());
        // TODO check if functions are refinements
    }

    private void checkNewObj(ExprNewObject e) {
        ConstructorDef constr = e.attrConstructorDef();
        if (constr != null) {
            calledFunctions.put(e.attrNearestScope(), constr);
            if (constr.attrNearestClassDef().attrIsAbstract()) {
                e.addError("Cannot create an instance of the abstract class " + constr.attrNearestClassDef().getName());
                return;
            }
            checkParams(e, "Wrong object creation: ", e.getArgs(), e.attrFunctionSignature());
        }

    }

    private void nameDefsMustNotBeNamedAfterJassNativeTypes(NameDef n) {
        PackageOrGlobal p = n.attrNearestPackage();
        if (p == null) {
            n.addError("Not in package or global: " + n.getName());
        }
        // checkIfTypeDefExists(n, p);
        // if (p instanceof WPackage) {
        // // check global scope
        // p = p.getParent().attrNearestPackage();
        // checkIfTypeDefExists(n, p);
        // }
    }

    private void checkMemberVar(ExprMemberVar e) {
        if (e.getVarName().length() == 0) {
            e.addError("Incomplete member access.");
        }
        if (e.getParent() instanceof WStatements) {
            e.addError("Incomplete statement.");
        }
    }

    private void checkPackageName(CompilationUnit cu) {
        // Fast exits
        List<WPackage> pkgs = cu.getPackages();
        if (pkgs.size() != 1) return;

        String filePath = cu.getCuInfo().getFile();     // assume non-null
        // Ultra-cheap extension check
        boolean wurst = filePath.endsWith(".wurst");
        boolean jurst = !wurst && filePath.endsWith(".jurst");
        if (!wurst && !jurst) return;

        // Get bare file name without touching java.nio
        int slash = Math.max(filePath.lastIndexOf('/'), filePath.lastIndexOf('\\'));
        String fileName = (slash >= 0) ? filePath.substring(slash + 1) : filePath;

        // Strip extension once
        int dot = fileName.lastIndexOf('.');
        if (dot <= 0) return; // no basename
        String base = fileName.substring(0, dot);

        String pkgName = pkgs.get(0).getName();
        if (!base.equals(pkgName)) {
            pkgs.get(0).addError("The file must have the same name as the package " + pkgName);
        }
    }

    private void checkForDuplicatePackages(WurstModel model) {
        model.attrPackages();
    }

    private void checkBannedFunctions(ExprFunctionCall e) {
        if (e.getFuncName().equals("TriggerRegisterVariableEvent")) {
            if (e.getArgs().size() > 1) {
                if (e.getArgs().get(1) instanceof ExprStringVal) {
                    ExprStringVal varName = (ExprStringVal) e.getArgs().get(1);
                    TRVEHelper.protectedVariables.add(varName.getValS());
                    WLogger.info("keep: " + varName.getValS());
                    return;
                } else if (e.getArgs().get(1) instanceof ExprVarAccess) {
                    // Check if this is a two line hook... thanks Bribe
                    ExprVarAccess varAccess = (ExprVarAccess) e.getArgs().get(1);
                    @Nullable FunctionImplementation nearestFunc = e.attrNearestFuncDef();
                    WStatements fbody = nearestFunc.getBody();
                    if (e.getParent() instanceof StmtReturn && fbody.size() <= 4 && fbody.get(fbody.size() - 2).structuralEquals(e.getParent())) {
                        WParameters params = nearestFunc.getParameters();
                        if (params.size() == 4 && ((TypeExprSimple) params.get(0).getTyp()).getTypeName().equals("trigger")
                            && ((TypeExprSimple) params.get(1).getTyp()).getTypeName().equals("string")
                            && ((TypeExprSimple) params.get(2).getTyp()).getTypeName().equals("limitop")
                            && ((TypeExprSimple) params.get(3).getTyp()).getTypeName().equals("real")) {
                            trveWrapperFuncs.add(nearestFunc.getName());
                            WLogger.info("found wrapper: " + nearestFunc.getName());
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {

                e.addError("Map contains TriggerRegisterVariableEvent with non-constant arguments. Can't be optimized.");
            }
        }

        if (e.getFuncName().equals("ExecuteFunc")) {
            // executeFunc can only use constant string arguments
            if (e.getArgs().size() != 1) {
                e.addError("Wrong number of args");
                return;
            }
            if (e.getArgs().get(0) instanceof ExprStringVal) {
                ExprStringVal s = (ExprStringVal) e.getArgs().get(0);
                String exFunc = s.getValS();
                Collection<FuncLink> funcs = e.lookupFuncs(exFunc);
                if (funcs.isEmpty()) {
                    e.addError("Could not find function " + exFunc + ".");
                    return;
                }
                if (funcs.size() > 1) {
                    StringBuilder alternatives = new StringBuilder();
                    for (NameLink nameLink : funcs) {
                        alternatives.append("\n - ").append(Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(nameLink.getDef())));
                    }
                    e.addError("Ambiguous function name: " + exFunc + ". Alternatives are: " + alternatives);
                    return;
                }
                FuncLink func = Utils.getFirst(funcs);
                if (func.getParameterTypes().size() != 0) {
                    e.addError("Function " + exFunc + " must not have any parameters.");
                }
            } else {
                e.addError("Wurst does only support ExecuteFunc with a single string as argument.");
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean isViableSwitchtype(Expr expr) {
        WurstType typ = expr.attrTyp();
        if (typ.equalsType(WurstTypeInt.instance(), null) || typ.equalsType(WurstTypeString.instance(), null)) {
            return true;
        } else if (typ instanceof WurstTypeEnum) {
            WurstTypeEnum wte = (WurstTypeEnum) typ;
            return !wte.isStaticRef();
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    private void checkSwitch(SwitchStmt s) {
        if (!isViableSwitchtype(s.getExpr())) {
            s.addError("The type " + s.getExpr().attrTyp()
                    + " is not viable as switchtype.\nViable switchtypes: int, string, enum");
        } else {
            List<Expr> switchExprs = new ArrayList<>();
            for (SwitchCase e : s.getCases()) {
                switchExprs.addAll(e.getExpressions());
            }
            for (Expr cExpr : switchExprs) {
                if (!cExpr.attrTyp().isSubtypeOf(s.getExpr().attrTyp(), cExpr)) {
                    cExpr.addError("The type " + cExpr.attrTyp() + " does not match the switchtype "
                            + s.getExpr().attrTyp() + ".");
                }
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < switchExprs.size(); i++) {
                Expr ei = switchExprs.get(i);
                for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                    Expr ej = switchExprs.get(j);
                    if (ei.structuralEquals(ej)) {
                        ei.addError("The case " + Utils.prettyPrint(ei) + " is already handled in line " + ej.attrSource().getLine());
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        for (String unhandledCase : s.calculateUnhandledCases()) {
            s.addError(unhandledCase + " not covered in switchstatement and no default found.");
        }
        if (s.getCases().isEmpty()) {
            s.addError("Switch statement without any cases.");
        }
    }

    public static void computeFlowAttributes(Element node) {
        if (node instanceof WStatement) {
            WStatement s = (WStatement) node;
            s.attrNextStatements();
        }

        // traverse childs
        for (int i = 0; i < node.size(); i++) {
            computeFlowAttributes(node.get(i));
        }
    }

    private void checkCodeArrays(TypeExprArray e) {
        if (e.getBase() instanceof TypeExprSimple) {
            TypeExprSimple base = (TypeExprSimple) e.getBase();
            if (base.getTypeName().equals("code")) {
                e.addError("Code arrays are not supported. Try using an array of triggers or conditionfuncs.");
            }

        }
    }


    /**
     * checks if func1 can override func2
     */
    public static boolean canOverride(FuncLink func1, FuncLink func2, boolean allowStaticOverride) {
        return checkOverride(func1, func2, allowStaticOverride) == null;
    }

    /**
     * checks if func1 can override func2
     * <p>
     * Returns null if yes and an error message if not.
     */
    public static String checkOverride(FuncLink func1, FuncLink func2, boolean allowStaticOverride) {
        if (!allowStaticOverride) {
            if (func1.isStatic()) {
                return "Static method " + func1.getName() + " cannot override other methods.";
            }
            if (func2.isStatic()) {
                return "Static " + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(func2.getDef())) + " cannot be overridden.";
            }
        } else {
            if (func1.isStatic() && !func2.isStatic()) {
                return "Static method "
                    + func1.getName()
                    + " cannot override dynamic "
                    + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(func2.getDef()))
                    + ".";
            } else if (!func1.isStatic() && func2.isStatic()) {
                return "Method "
                    + func1.getName()
                    + " cannot override static "
                    + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(func2.getDef()))
                    + ".";
            }
        }
        if (func1.isVarargMethod() && !func2.isVarargMethod()) {
            return "Vararg method "
                + func1.getName()
                + " cannot override non-vararg method "
                + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(func2.getDef()))
                + ".";
        }
        if (!func1.isVarargMethod() && func2.isVarargMethod()) {
            return "Non-vararg method "
                + func1.getName()
                + " cannot override vararg method "
                + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(func2.getDef()))
                + ".";
        }
        int paramCount2 = func2.getParameterTypes().size();
        int paramCount1 = func1.getParameterTypes().size();
        if (paramCount1 != paramCount2) {
            return Utils.printElement(func2.getDef()) + " takes " + paramCount2
                    + " parameters, but there are only " + paramCount1 + " parameters here.";
        }

        // contravariant parametertypes
        for (int i = 0; i < paramCount1; i++) {
            WurstType type1 = func1.getParameterType(i);
            WurstType type2 = func2.getParameterType(i);
            if (!type1.isSupertypeOf(type2, func1.getDef())) {
                return "Parameter " + type1 + " " + func1.getParameterName(i) + " should have type " + type2
                        + " to override " + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(func2.getDef())) + ".";
            }
        }
        // covariant return types
        if (!func1.getReturnType().isSubtypeOf(func2.getReturnType(), func1.getDef())) {
            return "Return type should be "
                + func2.getReturnType()
                + " to override "
                + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(func2.getDef()))
                + ".";
        }
        // no error
        return null;
    }

    private void checkForDuplicateNames(WScope scope) {
        if (scope instanceof WPackage) {
            return;
        }
        ImmutableMultimap<String, DefLink> links = scope.attrNameLinks();
        for (String name : links.keySet()) {
            ImmutableCollection<DefLink> nameLinks = links.get(name);
            if (nameLinks.size() <= 1) {
                continue;
            }
            @Nullable List<FuncLink> funcs = null;
            @Nullable List<NameLink> other = null;
            for (NameLink nl : nameLinks) {
                if (nl.getDefinedIn() == scope) {
                    if (nl instanceof FuncLink) {
                        if (funcs == null) {
                            funcs = Lists.newArrayList();
                        }
                        FuncLink funcLink = (FuncLink) nl;
                        for (FuncLink link : funcs) {
                            if (!distinctFunctions(funcLink, link)) {
                                funcLink.getDef().addError(
                                    "Function already defined : " + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(link.getDef())));
                                link.getDef().addError(
                                    "Function already defined : " + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(funcLink.getDef())));
                            }
                        }

                        funcs.add(funcLink);
                    } else {
                        if (other == null) {
                            other = Lists.newArrayList();
                        }
                        other.add(nl);
                    }
                }
            }
            if (other != null && other.size() > 1) {
                other.sort(Comparator.comparingInt(o -> o.getDef().attrSource().getLeftPos()));
                NameLink l1 = other.get(0);
                for (int j = 1; j < other.size(); j++) {
                    other.get(j).getDef().addError("An element with name " + name + " already exists: "
                        + Utils.printElementWithSource(Optional.of(l1.getDef())));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean distinctFunctions(FuncLink nl1, FuncLink nl2) {
        if (receiverTypesDifferent(nl1, nl2)) {
            return true;
        }
        FunctionDefinition f1 = nl1.getDef();
        FunctionDefinition f2 = nl2.getDef();
        WParameters ps1 = f1.getParameters();
        WParameters ps2 = f2.getParameters();
        if (ps1.size() != ps2.size()) {
            return true;
        }
        return parametersTypeDisjunct(ps1, ps2);
    }

    private boolean receiverTypesDifferent(FuncLink nl1, FuncLink nl2) {
        if (nl1.getReceiverType() == null) {
            return nl2.getReceiverType() != null;
        } else {
            return nl2.getReceiverType() == null || !nl1.getReceiverType().equalsType(nl2.getReceiverType(), nl1.getDef());
        }
    }

    private void checkForDuplicateImports(WPackage p) {
        Set<String> imports = Sets.newLinkedHashSet();
        for (WImport imp : p.getImports()) {
            if (!imports.add(imp.getPackagename())) {
                imp.addError("The package " + imp.getPackagename() + " is already imported.");
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkVarDef(VarDef v) {
        WurstType vtype = v.attrTyp();

        if (vtype instanceof WurstTypeCode && v.attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
            v.addError("Code members not allowed as dynamic class members (variable " + v.getName() + ")\n"
                    + "Try using a trigger or conditionfunc instead.");
        }

        if (v instanceof GlobalOrLocalVarDef) {
            GlobalOrLocalVarDef g = (GlobalOrLocalVarDef) v;
            if (g.attrIsConstant() && g.getInitialExpr() instanceof NoExpr && !g.attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
                g.addError("Constant variable " + g.getName() + " needs an initial value.");
            }
        }

        if (vtype instanceof WurstTypeArray) {
            WurstTypeArray wta = (WurstTypeArray) vtype;
            switch (wta.getDimensions()) {
                case 0:
                    v.addError("0-dimensional arrays are not allowed");
                    break;
                case 1:
                    if (v.attrIsDynamicClassMember() && wta.getSize(0) <= 0) {
                        v.addError("Array members require a fixed size greater 0.");
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    v.addError("Multidimensional Arrays are not yet supported.");
                    break;
            }
        }

        if (vtype instanceof WurstTypeNull) {
            v.addError("Initial value of variable " + v.getName() + " is 'null'. Specify a concrete type.");
        }

        if (v instanceof GlobalVarDef) {
            checkClassMemberInitializerOrder((GlobalVarDef) v);
        }

    }

    private void checkClassMemberInitializerOrder(GlobalVarDef v) {
        if (!v.attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
            return;
        }
        if (!(v.getInitialExpr() instanceof Expr)) {
            return;
        }
        ClassDef owner = v.attrNearestClassDef();
        if (owner == null) {
            return;
        }
        Map<GlobalVarDef, Integer> order = classVarInitOrder(owner);
        Integer currentPos = order.get(v);
        if (currentPos == null) {
            return;
        }
        Expr initExpr = (Expr) v.getInitialExpr();
        for (NameDef used : initExpr.attrReadVariables()) {
            if (!(used instanceof GlobalVarDef)) {
                continue;
            }
            GlobalVarDef usedVar = (GlobalVarDef) used;
            if (usedVar == v || !usedVar.attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
                continue;
            }
            if (usedVar.attrNearestClassDef() != owner) {
                continue;
            }
            Integer usedPos = order.get(usedVar);
            if (usedPos != null && usedPos > currentPos) {
                v.addError("Class variable <" + usedVar.getName() + "> is used before it is initialized.");
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    private Map<GlobalVarDef, Integer> classVarInitOrder(ClassDef classDef) {
        return classVarInitOrderCache.computeIfAbsent(classDef, cd -> {
            Map<GlobalVarDef, Integer> order = new IdentityHashMap<>();
            int index = 0;
            for (GlobalVarDef var : cd.getVars()) {
                if (var.attrIsDynamicClassMember()) {
                    order.put(var, index++);
                }
            }
            return order;
        });
    }

    private void checkLocalShadowing(LocalVarDef v) {
        NameLink shadowed = v.getParent().getParent().lookupVar(v.getName(), false);
        if (shadowed != null) {
            if (shadowed.getDef() instanceof LocalVarDef) {
                v.addError("Variable " + v.getName() + " hides another local variable with the same name.");
            } else if (shadowed.getDef() instanceof WParameter) {
                v.addError("Variable " + v.getName() + " hides a parameter with the same name.");
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkConstructorSuperCall(ConstructorDef c) {
        if (c.getSuperConstructorCall() instanceof SomeSuperConstructorCall) {
            if (c.attrNearestClassDef() != null) {
                ClassDef classDef = c.attrNearestClassDef();
                if (classDef.getExtendedClass() instanceof NoTypeExpr) {
                    c.addError("Super call in a class which extends nothing.");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void checkThisConstructorCall(ConstructorDef c) {
        FunctionCall firstThisCall = getFirstThisConstructorCall(c);
        int firstRelevantIndex = firstRelevantStatementIndex(c);
        for (int i = 0; i < c.getBody().size(); i++) {
            WStatement s = c.getBody().get(i);
            if (s instanceof FunctionCall) {
                FunctionCall call = (FunctionCall) s;
                if (isConstructorThisCall(call) && i != firstRelevantIndex) {
                    call.addError("Constructor call this(...) must be the first statement.");
                }
            }
        }
        if (firstThisCall == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (c.getSuperConstructorCall() instanceof SomeSuperConstructorCall) {
            c.addError("Cannot call super(...) and this(...) in the same constructor.");
            return;
        }
        ClassOrModule owner = c.attrNearestClassOrModule();
        if (owner == null) {
            return;
        }
        ConstructorDef target = OverloadingResolver.resolveThisCall(owner.getConstructors(), firstThisCall);
        if (target == c) {
            firstThisCall.addError("Constructor cannot call itself using this(...).");
        }
    }

    private @Nullable FunctionCall getFirstThisConstructorCall(ConstructorDef c) {
        int i = firstRelevantStatementIndex(c);
        if (i >= 0 && c.getBody().get(i) instanceof FunctionCall) {
            FunctionCall call = (FunctionCall) c.getBody().get(i);
            if (isConstructorThisCall(call)) {
                return call;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    private int firstRelevantStatementIndex(ConstructorDef c) {
        for (int i = 0; i < c.getBody().size(); i++) {
            WStatement s = c.getBody().get(i);
            if (!(s instanceof StartFunctionStatement) && !(s instanceof EndFunctionStatement)) {
                return i;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    private boolean isConstructorThisCall(FunctionCall call) {
        return call.getFuncName().equals("this") && nearestEnclosingConstructor(call) != null;
    }

    private boolean isConstructorThisCall(FuncRef ref) {
        if (ref instanceof FunctionCall) {
            return isConstructorThisCall((FunctionCall) ref);
        }
        return false;
    }

    private @Nullable ConstructorDef nearestEnclosingConstructor(Element e) {
        Element current = e;
        while (current != null) {
            if (current instanceof ConstructorDef) {
                return (ConstructorDef) current;
            }
            current = current.getParent();
        }
        return null;
    }

    private void checkParameter(WParameter param) {
        if (param.attrTyp() instanceof WurstTypeArray) {
            param.addError("Cannot use arrays as parameters.");
        }
    }

    private static boolean isNewGenericTypeDef(@Nullable NameDef def) {
        if (!(def instanceof AstElementWithTypeParameters)) {
            return false;
        }
        AstElementWithTypeParameters g = (AstElementWithTypeParameters) def;
        TypeParamDefs tps = g.getTypeParameters();
        if (tps == null || tps.size() == 0) {
            return false;
        }
        // Treat "any new TP" as new-generic. Mixed is already diagnosed elsewhere.
        for (TypeParamDef tp : tps) {
            if (isTypeParamNewGeneric(tp)) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }
}