[CLIENT-3994] Improve error actionability

[juliannguyen4]

• https://aerospike-python-client--1103.org.readthedocs.build/en/1103/exception.html#aerospike.exception.AerospikeError.subcode
• https://aerospike-python-client--1103.org.readthedocs.build/en/1103/client.html#:~:text=error_detail_verbosity

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 60.00000% with 10 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 84.62%. Comparing base (2b8668b) to head (31441f9).
⚠️ Report is 5 commits behind head on CLIENT-4836-add-string-ops-and-expressions.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/main/policy_config.c	46.15%	7 Missing ⚠️
src/main/exception.c	72.72%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@                               Coverage Diff                               @@
##           CLIENT-4836-add-string-ops-and-expressions    #1103       +/-   ##
===============================================================================
+ Coverage                                        2.59%   84.62%   +82.02%     
===============================================================================
  Files                                              80      102       +22     
  Lines                                           12601    14912     +2311     
===============================================================================
+ Hits                                              327    12619    +12292     
+ Misses                                          12274     2293     -9981     

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