fix: plumb SchemaProvider table_type through FFI

[chakkk309]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #22333.

Rationale for this change

FFI_SchemaProvider did not expose SchemaProvider::table_type, so foreign consumers fell back to table() just to read table types. This PR plumbs table_type through the FFI schema provider and keeps local-bypass behavior intact.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Add a table_type FFI callback to FFI_SchemaProvider.
• Implement ForeignSchemaProvider::table_type via the new callback.
• Add unit tests for forced-foreign and local-bypass paths.
• Add ffi_catalog integration coverage for override and fallback table_type behavior.

Are these changes tested?

• cargo fmt --all --check
• cargo test -p datafusion-ffi
• cargo test -p datafusion-ffi --features integration-tests --test ffi_catalog
• cargo clippy -p datafusion-ffi --all-targets --features integration-tests -- -D warnings

[github-actions]

Thank you for opening this pull request!

Reviewer note: cargo-semver-checks reported the current version number is not SemVer-compatible with the changes in this pull request (compared against the base branch).

Details

     Cloning apache/main
    Building datafusion-ffi v53.1.0 (current)
       Built [  65.593s] (current)
     Parsing datafusion-ffi v53.1.0 (current)
      Parsed [   0.063s] (current)
    Building datafusion-ffi v53.1.0 (baseline)
       Built [  58.868s] (baseline)
     Parsing datafusion-ffi v53.1.0 (baseline)
      Parsed [   0.074s] (baseline)
    Checking datafusion-ffi v53.1.0 -> v53.1.0 (no change; assume patch)
     Checked [   0.318s] 222 checks: 220 pass, 1 fail, 1 warn, 30 skip

--- failure constructible_struct_adds_field: externally-constructible struct adds field ---

Description:
A pub struct constructible with a struct literal has a new pub field. Existing struct literals must be updated to include the new field.
        ref: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/struct-expr.html
       impl: https://github.com/obi1kenobi/cargo-semver-checks/tree/v0.47.0/src/lints/constructible_struct_adds_field.ron

Failed in:
  field FFI_SchemaProvider.table_type in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:55

--- warning repr_c_plain_struct_fields_reordered: struct fields reordered in repr(C) struct ---

Description:
A public repr(C) struct had its fields reordered. This can change the struct's memory layout, possibly breaking FFI use cases that depend on field position and order.
        ref: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#reprc-structs
       impl: https://github.com/obi1kenobi/cargo-semver-checks/tree/v0.47.0/src/lints/repr_c_plain_struct_fields_reordered.ron

Failed in:
  FFI_SchemaProvider.register_table moved from position 4 to 5, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:61
  FFI_SchemaProvider.deregister_table moved from position 5 to 6, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:68
  FFI_SchemaProvider.table_exist moved from position 6 to 7, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:74
  FFI_SchemaProvider.logical_codec moved from position 7 to 8, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:76
  FFI_SchemaProvider.clone moved from position 8 to 9, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:80
  FFI_SchemaProvider.release moved from position 9 to 10, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:83
  FFI_SchemaProvider.version moved from position 10 to 11, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:86
  FFI_SchemaProvider.private_data moved from position 11 to 12, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:90
  FFI_SchemaProvider.library_marker_id moved from position 12 to 13, in /home/runner/work/datafusion/datafusion/datafusion/ffi/src/schema_provider.rs:95

     Summary semver requires new major version: 1 major and 0 minor checks failed
     Warning produced 1 major and 0 minor level warnings
    Finished [ 126.990s] datafusion-ffi