feat: add ability to pass docker build params in template

[reedham-aws]

Which issue(s) does this change fix?

#8656

Why is this change necessary?

It had not been previously possible to pass in standard Docker arguments to the CLI build. While this isn't a big issue, it's a nice quality of life feature to add.

How does it address the issue?

Adds the ability to read extra parameters from the metadata of a SAM template, similar to how we already read build args that go into the Dockerfile. These parameters are then appended to the Docker/Finch CLI subprocess call.

What side effects does this change have?

Should have none because this is opt-in. Integration tests should confirm this.

Mandatory Checklist

PRs will only be reviewed after checklist is complete

• Review the generative AI contribution guidelines
• Add input/output type hints to new functions/methods
• Write design document if needed (Do I need to write a design document?)
• Write/update unit tests
• Write/update integration tests
• Write/update functional tests if needed
• make pr passes
• make update-reproducible-reqs if dependencies were changed
• Write documentation

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.