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40 changes: 20 additions & 20 deletions agile/bibliography.md
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Expand Up @@ -10,7 +10,16 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or

---

## Primary Sources and Foundational Documents
## Source quality note

- **Primary sources:** Original manifestos, standards, books, conference material, and vendor/organization first-party publications.
- **Secondary sources:** Academic synthesis papers, analyst reports, and historical overviews.
- **Tertiary sources:** Encyclopedias and commentary sites, useful for discovery but lower confidence for factual claims.
- **Usage guidance:** Prefer primary and secondary sources for substantive claims in narrative reports; treat tertiary links as orientation material.
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The PR description says the source-quality audit work begins in three docs (agile bibliography, Show HN guide, and the LLM agent monitoring tools report), but this PR also updates many additional documents across other folders (terminal, fonts, data-formats, etc.). Consider updating the PR description (or splitting the PR) so the stated scope matches the actual change set for reviewers.

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PR description says the audit work is limited to three docs (agile bibliography, Show HN guide, and LLM agent monitoring tools), but this PR also changes multiple additional reports (e.g., terminal/, fonts/, data-formats/json-alternatives.md, containers-and-vms/macos-native-containers.md, go/go-cloud-native-language.md, ethics/moral-philosophy-generative-ai.md, self/*). Please update the PR title/description to reflect the broader scope, or split into separate PRs to keep review and future history clearer.

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---

## Primary Sources and Core Documents

**The Agile Manifesto and History**
- Agile Alliance. "History: The Agile Manifesto." [https://agilemanifesto.org/history.html](https://agilemanifesto.org/history.html)
Expand All @@ -31,7 +40,7 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or
**Scrum**
- Schwaber, Ken, and Mike Beedle. *Agile Software Development with Scrum*. Prentice Hall, 2001. [https://www.amazon.com/Agile-Software-Development-Scrum/dp/0130676349](https://www.amazon.com/Agile-Software-Development-Scrum/dp/0130676349)
- Schwaber, Ken. *Agile Project Management with Scrum*. Microsoft Press, 2004. [https://www.amazon.com/Agile-Project-Management-Scrum-Developer/dp/073561993X](https://www.amazon.com/Agile-Project-Management-Scrum-Developer/dp/073561993X)
- Sutherland, Jeff. *Scrum: The Art of Doing Twice the Work in Half the Time*. Crown Business, 2014. [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/19288230-scrum](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/19288230-scrum)
- Sutherland, Jeff. *Scrum: The Art of Doing Twice the Work in Half the Time*. Crown Business, 2014. [https://www.amazon.com/Scrum-Doing-Twice-Work-Half/dp/038534645X](https://www.amazon.com/Scrum-Doing-Twice-Work-Half/dp/038534645X)

**Lean Software Development**
- Poppendieck, Mary, and Tom Poppendieck. *Lean Software Development: An Agile Toolkit*. Addison-Wesley, 2003. [https://www.amazon.com/Lean-Software-Development-Agile-Toolkit/dp/0321150783](https://www.amazon.com/Lean-Software-Development-Agile-Toolkit/dp/0321150783)
Expand All @@ -42,7 +51,6 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or

**Continuous Delivery and DevOps**
- Humble, Jez, and David Farley. *Continuous Delivery: Reliable Software Releases through Build, Test, and Deployment Automation*. Addison-Wesley, 2010. [https://www.amazon.com/Continuous-Delivery-Deployment-Automation-Addison-Wesley/dp/0321601912](https://www.amazon.com/Continuous-Delivery-Deployment-Automation-Addison-Wesley/dp/0321601912)
- Humble, Jez, and David Farley. *Continuous Delivery* (Goodreads page). [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8686650-continuous-delivery](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/8686650-continuous-delivery)

**User Stories and Estimation**
- Cohn, Mike. *User Stories Applied: For Agile Software Development*. Addison-Wesley, 2004. [https://www.amazon.com/User-Stories-Applied-Software-Development/dp/0321205685](https://www.amazon.com/User-Stories-Applied-Software-Development/dp/0321205685)
Expand All @@ -52,16 +60,14 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or
## Academic Papers and Historical Research

**Iterative Development History**
- Larman, Craig, and Victor Basili. "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History." *IEEE Computer*, June 2003. [https://www.craiglarman.com/wiki/downloads/misc/history-of-iterative-larman-and-basili-ieee-computer.pdf](https://www.craiglarman.com/wiki/downloads/misc/history-of-iterative-larman-and-basili-ieee-computer.pdf)
- Web3us. "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History." [https://www.web3us.com/how-guides/iterative-and-incremental-development](https://www.web3us.com/how-guides/iterative-and-incremental-development)
- WebSeitz Wiki. "(2003-06-30) Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History." [http://webseitz.fluxent.com/wiki/2003-06-30-IterativeAndIncrementalDevelopmentABriefHistory](http://webseitz.fluxent.com/wiki/2003-06-30-IterativeAndIncrementalDevelopmentABriefHistory)
- Larman, Craig, and Victor Basili. "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History." *IEEE Computer*, June 2003. [https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1204375](https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1204375)
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Switching the Larman/Basili reference to a DOI improves permanence, but it also removes the previously available direct PDF link (which may be easier for readers without IEEE access). Consider including both the DOI and an accessible full-text link (if legitimate) to preserve usability while keeping the canonical DOI.

Suggested change
- Larman, Craig, and Victor Basili. "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History." *IEEE Computer*, June 2003. [https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1204375](https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1204375)
- Larman, Craig, and Victor Basili. "Iterative and Incremental Development: A Brief History." *IEEE Computer*, June 2003. DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1204375](https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1204375) · Author-hosted PDF: [https://www.craiglarman.com/wiki/downloads/misc/history-of-iterative-larman-basili-ieee-computer.pdf](https://www.craiglarman.com/wiki/downloads/misc/history-of-iterative-larman-basili-ieee-computer.pdf)

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**Toyota Production System**
- Lean Enterprise Institute. "Toyota Production System (TPS)." [https://www.lean.org/lexicon-terms/toyota-production-system/](https://www.lean.org/lexicon-terms/toyota-production-system/)

---

## Encyclopedia and Reference Articles
## Encyclopedia and Tertiary Reference Articles

**Wikipedia**
- "Agile Software Development." Wikipedia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development)
Expand All @@ -77,8 +83,6 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or

**Other Encyclopedic Sources**
- HandWiki. "Biography: Ward Cunningham." [https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Ward_Cunningham](https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biography:Ward_Cunningham)
- Grokipedia. "Ward Cunningham." [https://grokipedia.com/page/Ward_Cunningham](https://grokipedia.com/page/Ward_Cunningham)
- Grokipedia. "Pivotal Labs." [https://grokipedia.com/page/Pivotal_Labs](https://grokipedia.com/page/Pivotal_Labs)

---

Expand All @@ -97,8 +101,6 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or
- Kaizenko. "A Historical Look at The Scrum Guide From 1986 to 2020." [https://www.kaizenko.com/the-scrum-guide-history/](https://www.kaizenko.com/the-scrum-guide-history/)
- Kaizenko. "A Behind the Scenes Look at the Writing of the Agile Manifesto." [https://www.kaizenko.com/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-the-writing-of-the-agile-manifesto/](https://www.kaizenko.com/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-the-writing-of-the-agile-manifesto/)
- Teaching Agile. "Scrum Origins & Agile Principles: Complete Foundation Guide." [https://teachingagile.com/scrum/psm-1/scrum-theory-principles/scrum-history](https://teachingagile.com/scrum/psm-1/scrum-theory-principles/scrum-history)
- Next Agile. "Scrum Guide: Versions & Its Implications Over The Years." [https://nextagile.ai/blogs/agile/scrum-guide-versions-and-implications/](https://nextagile.ai/blogs/agile/scrum-guide-versions-and-implications/)
- ZenTao. "A Brief History of Agile: Ken Schwaber - A Brave Warrior (Part 1)." [https://www.zentao.pm/blog/a-brief-history-of-agile-ken-schwaber-a-brave-warrior-1-1101.html](https://www.zentao.pm/blog/a-brief-history-of-agile-ken-schwaber-a-brave-warrior-1-1101.html)

---

Expand All @@ -119,8 +121,8 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or

## DevOps History

- DevOpsDays Ghent 2009 (archive). "Welcome." [https://devopsdays.org/events/2009-ghent/welcome/](https://devopsdays.org/events/2009-ghent/welcome/)
- New Relic. "The Incredible True Story of How DevOps Got Its Name." [https://newrelic.com/blog/news/devops-name](https://newrelic.com/blog/news/devops-name)
- KnowledgeHut. "A Brief History of DevOps." [https://www.knowledgehut.com/blog/devops/history-of-devops](https://www.knowledgehut.com/blog/devops/history-of-devops)
- Atlassian. "History of DevOps." [https://www.atlassian.com/devops/what-is-devops/history-of-devops](https://www.atlassian.com/devops/what-is-devops/history-of-devops)
- CircleCI. "A Brief History of DevOps, Part III: Automated Testing and Continuous Integration." [https://circleci.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-devops-part-iii-automated-testing-and-continuous-integration/](https://circleci.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-devops-part-iii-automated-testing-and-continuous-integration/)

Expand All @@ -137,22 +139,21 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or
- LeSS. "What is LeSS?" [https://less.works/less/framework](https://less.works/less/framework)

**Spotify Model**
- Product School. "What Is The Spotify Model?" [https://productschool.com/blog/product-fundamentals/spotify-model-scaling-agile](https://productschool.com/blog/product-fundamentals/spotify-model-scaling-agile)
- Kniberg, Henrik. "Spotify Engineering Culture (Part 1)." Spotify Engineering Blog, 2014. [https://engineering.atspotify.com/2014/03/spotify-engineering-culture-part-1/](https://engineering.atspotify.com/2014/03/spotify-engineering-culture-part-1/)
- Kniberg, Henrik. "Spotify Engineering Culture (Part 2)." Spotify Engineering Blog, 2014. [https://engineering.atspotify.com/2014/09/spotify-engineering-culture-part-2/](https://engineering.atspotify.com/2014/09/spotify-engineering-culture-part-2/)

---

## Other Agile Methodologies

**Crystal**
- ToolsQA. "What is Crystal Method in Agile and How it is Different?" [https://www.toolsqa.com/agile/crystal-method/](https://www.toolsqa.com/agile/crystal-method/)
- ActiveCollab. "Crystal Methodology in Agile - Essential Guide." [https://activecollab.com/learn/project-management-methodologies/crystal-methods](https://activecollab.com/learn/project-management-methodologies/crystal-methods)
- Cockburn, Alistair. *Crystal Clear: A Human-Powered Methodology for Small Teams*. Addison-Wesley, 2004. [https://www.amazon.com/Crystal-Clear-Human-Powered-Methodology-Development/dp/0201699478](https://www.amazon.com/Crystal-Clear-Human-Powered-Methodology-Development/dp/0201699478)

---

## Tools and Technology History

**Git**
- GeeksforGeeks. "History of Git." [https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/git/history-of-git/](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/git/history-of-git/)
- Git SCM. "A Short History of Git." [https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git)

**Jira**
Expand All @@ -176,11 +177,11 @@ This bibliography accompanies the comprehensive history of agile methodology, or

## State of Agile Reports and Industry Analysis

- KnowledgeHut. "State of Agile 2025: Things You Need to Know." [https://www.knowledgehut.com/blog/agile/state-of-agile](https://www.knowledgehut.com/blog/agile/state-of-agile)
- StarAgile. "State of Agile 2025: Insights, Trends, and Key Findings." [https://staragile.com/blog/state-of-agile](https://staragile.com/blog/state-of-agile)
- Electro IQ. "Agile Statistics and Facts: Adoption, Market Size & Trends (2025)." [https://electroiq.com/stats/agile-statistics/](https://electroiq.com/stats/agile-statistics/)
- Digital.ai. "17th State of Agile Report." [https://digital.ai/resource-center/analyst-reports/state-of-agile-report](https://digital.ai/resource-center/analyst-reports/state-of-agile-report)
- PMWares. "17th Annual State of Agile Report – Summary & Key Findings." [https://pmwares.com/summary-of-the-17th-annual-state-of-agile-report-summary-key-findings/](https://pmwares.com/summary-of-the-17th-annual-state-of-agile-report-summary-key-findings/)

Note: annual "state of agile" reports are often vendor-sponsored or survey-driven; use them as directional evidence rather than neutral ground truth.

---

## Critical Perspectives and Modern Debates
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- O'Reilly Media. *Lean Software Development: An Agile Toolkit*. [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/lean-software-development/0321150783/](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/lean-software-development/0321150783/)
- Google Books. *Lean Software Development: An Agile Toolkit*. [https://books.google.com/books/about/Lean_Software_Development.html?id=IJ1gAgAAQBAJ](https://books.google.com/books/about/Lean_Software_Development.html?id=IJ1gAgAAQBAJ)
- UMA Technology. "10 Books Every Tech Professional Should Read." [https://umatechnology.org/10-books-every-tech-professional-should-read/](https://umatechnology.org/10-books-every-tech-professional-should-read/)
- Gihyo (Japan). "#27 Ward Cunningham: Wiki Inventor; Agile Programming Pioneer." [https://gihyo.jp/dev/serial/01/software_designers/0027](https://gihyo.jp/dev/serial/01/software_designers/0027)

---
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-----

## Evidence basis

- **Primary sources:** Agile Manifesto materials, Scrum Guide publications, first-party organizational posts, and canonical books from key contributors.
- **Secondary sources:** Historical syntheses and academic retrospectives.
- **Caveat:** Some adoption and trend statements rely on industry surveys and vendor analyses, and should be interpreted as directional rather than definitive.

-----

## Manufacturing philosophy crossed into software through lean thinking

The Toyota Production System (TPS), developed by **Taiichi Ohno** and **Shigeo Shingo** from the late 1940s through the 1960s, established core concepts that would later permeate agile thinking. TPS introduced just-in-time delivery, jidoka (stop-the-line quality control), kaizen (continuous improvement), and systematic waste elimination. Ohno’s insight that “all we are doing is looking at the time line, from the moment the customer gives us an order to the point when we collect the cash” anticipated agile’s focus on flow and customer value.
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_September 15, 2025_

## Evidence basis

Chronology in early Buddhist history is contested across textual traditions and modern scholarship.
This timeline uses approximate ranges and distinguishes traditional datings from critical historical estimates where possible.
Composition, redaction, and translation milestones should be interpreted as scholarly windows rather than exact single-year events.

## 6th-5th Century BCE
**c. 563-483 BCE** - Life of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)
- Traditional dates vary by tradition (Theravada: 563-483 BCE; some scholars: 490-410 BCE)
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The technology matters for three reasons: it can deliver **near-zero resource consumption** when containers are not running (unlike Docker's always-on VM), provides **strong security boundaries** compared with namespace-based containers, and creates an open-source (Apache 2.0), Swift-native stack deeply integrated with macOS. However, the ecosystem remains nascent at version 0.6.0, lacking Docker Compose equivalents and enterprise tooling that many developers depend on.

## Method and source quality

This analysis relies primarily on Apple-maintained sources (project repositories, framework documentation, and release artifacts) plus official documentation from adjacent container ecosystems.
Performance and adoption claims include third-party benchmark reports and community observations, which are useful but environment-sensitive and not always directly comparable.
Project metrics such as stars, release versions, and ecosystem maturity are point-in-time signals.

## How Apple built containers on top of lightweight VMs

Apple's architecture departs significantly from traditional containers. While Docker and Podman on Linux use kernel namespaces and cgroups to isolate processes sharing a single kernel, Apple runs each container inside its own dedicated virtual machine with a separate Linux kernel. The stack consists of three layers: the **Container CLI** user interface, the **Containerization framework** (Swift package handling container lifecycle), and Apple's **Virtualization.framework** providing hypervisor capabilities.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -123,3 +129,11 @@ Apple's Containerization framework represents a meaningful architectural innovat
The trade-offs are clear: stronger security boundaries versus higher per-container memory overhead; native macOS integration versus cross-platform compatibility; open-source licensing versus mature enterprise tooling. For complex multi-container development workflows, Docker and OrbStack remain more practical today.

The framework's future depends on ecosystem development—whether Apple adds orchestration capabilities, whether Docker adopts the Containerization framework as an optional backend, and whether the community builds the tooling layer. At version 0.6.0, Apple has delivered an initial foundation; the question is whether it will build or inspire the ecosystem needed to fully realize its potential.

## Key references

- Apple container CLI: https://github.com/apple/container
- Apple Containerization framework: https://github.com/apple/containerization
- Apple Virtualization framework docs: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/virtualization
- Kata Containers project: https://katacontainers.io/
- Docker Engine and container docs: https://docs.docker.com/
17 changes: 17 additions & 0 deletions data-formats/json-alternatives.md
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The ecosystem has settled into distinct niches rather than crowning a single successor. YAML is widely used in DevOps (Kubernetes, GitHub Actions), TOML is widely used in package management (Cargo.toml, pyproject.toml), and JSON holds firm for machine-to-machine APIs. Emerging formats target specialized needs: KDL for human-friendly documents, RON for Rust type safety, and Dhall for programmable configs designed to avoid non-termination.

## Method and source quality

This comparison prioritizes language specifications, official project documentation, and ecosystem standards (for example PEPs and primary language docs).
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Minor grammar: add a comma after “for example” in this parenthetical.

Suggested change
This comparison prioritizes language specifications, official project documentation, and ecosystem standards (for example PEPs and primary language docs).
This comparison prioritizes language specifications, official project documentation, and ecosystem standards (for example, PEPs and primary language docs).

Copilot uses AI. Check for mistakes.
Benchmark values are synthesized from different runtimes and libraries, so absolute numbers are less important than broad relative patterns.
Adoption figures (downloads, npm activity, and project usage examples) are time-sensitive and should be treated as directional.

## Performance benchmarks show JSON still leads for speed

The performance gap between JSON and its alternatives is substantial but context-dependent. Native JSON parsers benefit from decades of optimization and, in JavaScript/Python, C-level implementations.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -163,3 +169,14 @@ The "JSON alternative" landscape has matured into stable niches rather than conv
For teams frustrated with JSON's verbosity in human-edited files, **JSON5 offers the lowest-friction migration path**. Those willing to learn new syntax should evaluate **KDL for documents** and **TOML for structured configs**. Rust developers have an excellent native option in **RON**, while organizations managing complex infrastructure should consider **Dhall's safety guarantees** or **Pkl's Apple-backed IDE integration**.

The performance penalty of human-readable formats (5-650x slower than JSON) sounds alarming but is irrelevant for configuration files parsed once at startup. Choose based on **ecosystem fit** (what does your toolchain already use?), **syntax ergonomics** (will humans edit this?), and **failure modes** (can YAML's implicit typing break your deployments?).

## Key references

- JSON standard (RFC 8259): https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259
- TOML v1.0.0 spec: https://toml.io/en/
- YAML 1.2.2 spec: https://yaml.org/spec/1.2.2/
- JSON5 specification: https://spec.json5.org/
- KDL language specification: https://github.com/kdl-org/kdl/blob/main/SPEC.md
- RON project: https://github.com/ron-rs/ron
- Dhall language: https://dhall-lang.org/
- Pkl language docs: https://pkl-lang.org/
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