BE-522: HashQL: Expand stdlib type system with temporal types

[indietyp]

🌟 What is the purpose of this PR?

This PR expands the HashQL standard library's temporal type system and refactors how standard library types are defined and exposed. The QueryTemporalAxes type, previously a stub in the graph module, is replaced with a fully-specified temporal module containing a rich set of temporal bound and interval types (Timestamp, TemporalBound, Interval, LeftClosedTemporalInterval, RightBoundedTemporalInterval, PinnedTransactionTimeTemporalAxes, PinnedDecisionTimeTemporalAxes, QueryTemporalAxes, etc.). Entity types in the knowledge graph are updated to use real temporal metadata (using LeftClosedTemporalInterval) instead of opaque Unknown wrappers.

Alongside this, type construction logic is extracted into public types submodules for each standard library module, enabling external consumers to construct monomorphized type instances without going through the full module registration machinery. Several modules are made pub to support this. The ScratchPool allocator is introduced for multi-threaded bump allocation, and FromIn<&str, A> for Rc<str, A> is implemented. The RuntimeRepr symbol representation is refactored to use extern "C" unsized types and raw pointer field access to avoid provenance issues.

🔗 Related links

• https://linear.app/hash/issue/H-4736/hashql-make-time-axis-constructible
• https://linear.app/hash/issue/H-4735/hashql-convert-rust-types-into-hashql-types

🔍 What does this change?

• Introduces graph::temporal as a new standard library module with a full set of temporal types: Timestamp, DecisionTime, TransactionTime, UnboundedTemporalBound, InclusiveTemporalBound, ExclusiveTemporalBound, TemporalBound, FiniteTemporalBound, OpenTemporalBound, Interval, LeftClosedTemporalInterval, RightBoundedTemporalInterval, PinnedTransactionTimeTemporalAxes, PinnedDecisionTimeTemporalAxes, and QueryTemporalAxes.
• Removes the stub QueryTemporalAxes (previously an empty opaque struct) from graph::Graph and moves it to the new temporal module.
• Updates entity knowledge types to depend on graph::temporal::Temporal and use LeftClosedTemporalInterval for TemporalMetadata instead of an opaque Unknown wrapper.
• Extracts type construction into public types submodules for core::option, core::url, core::uuid, graph::temporal, graph::types::ontology, graph::types::principal::actor_group, graph::types::principal::actor_group::web, and graph::types::knowledge::entity, each accepting optional dependency structs for injection.
• Makes std_lib, std_lib::core, std_lib::graph, graph::types, graph::types::knowledge, graph::types::ontology, graph::types::principal, graph::types::principal::actor_group, graph::types::principal::actor_group::web, graph::temporal, module::std_lib, and module::std_lib::core::option/url/uuid public.
• Adds ScratchPool and ScratchPoolGuard to the heap module, providing a Sync-capable pool of bump allocators backed by bump_scope::BumpPool.
• Implements FromIn<&str, A> for Rc<str, A> with tests covering unicode, empty strings, and clone sharing.
• Refactors RuntimeRepr to use an extern "C" unsized Unsize type and raw pointer field access (&raw const/mut) to avoid provenance narrowing issues, replacing str_from_raw_parts with str::from_utf8_unchecked and get_mut_unchecked/extern_types nightly features.
• Migrates string literals used as symbol names and type paths to sym:: constants throughout, eliminating most heap.intern_symbol("...") calls.
• Adds many new entries to the sym symbol table, including type names, field names, and fully-qualified path symbols for all new and existing types.

🛡 What tests cover this?

• New unit tests for FromIn<&str, A> for Rc<str, A>: basic conversion, unicode, empty string, and clone pointer equality.
• Existing standard library module integration tests cover the updated type definitions.

❓ How to test this?

1. Run cargo test -p hashql-core and confirm all tests pass.
2. Verify that the temporal module types are accessible and correctly structured via the standard library manifest.

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Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
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PR Summary

High Risk
High risk because it changes core stdlib type definitions (including QueryTemporalAxes and entity metadata shapes) and refactors unsafe symbol allocation/provenance handling, which can impact type-checking and runtime behavior broadly.

Overview
Introduces a fully-specified graph::temporal standard library module (bounds, intervals, pinned axes, and QueryTemporalAxes), removing the previous QueryTemporalAxes stub from graph and updating graph APIs/tests to use the new union type.

Refactors stdlib type definitions to expose reusable types constructor submodules (and makes several stdlib modules public), then rewires knowledge/ontology/principal/entity types to build from these constructors (including replacing entity EntityRecordId/opaque temporal wrappers with concrete RecordId + TemporalMetadata built from LeftClosedTemporalInterval).

Adds new heap capabilities (ScratchPool for multi-threaded bump allocation and FromIn<&str, A> for Rc<str, A> with tests), and reworks RuntimeRepr symbol representation/allocation to use an unsized extern marker plus raw-pointer field access to avoid provenance issues; various test snapshots are updated accordingly.

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[indietyp]

Warning

This pull request is not mergeable via GitHub because a downstack PR is open. Once all requirements are satisfied, merge this PR as a stack on Graphite.
Learn more

• BE-513: HashQL: Rework dynamic aggregate size estimation #8697
• BE-512: HashQL: Allow cross-backend transitions for SwitchInt terminators #8696
• BE-524: HashQL: Remove island schedule module #8694
• BE-525: HashQL: Remove implicit type-widening from Integer operations, and make comparison size aware #8693
• BE-515: HashQL: Remove OFFSET 0 materialization fence from generated query #8650
• BE-514: HashQL: implement iterative adjustment passes in placement solver #8635
• BE-500, BE-501: HashQL: Unify mixed parameter resolution in data dependency analysis #8607
• BE-494: HashQL: Loop-breaker selection for recursive inlining #8600
• BE-482: HashQL: Remove logical not from MIR and fix postgres boolean lowering #8595
• BE-474: HashQL: Take into account terminator target eligibility in execution backend placement #8587
• BE-455: HashQL: Introduce evaluation orchestrator #8586
• BE-523: HashQL: Suspendable interpreter with structured values and input system #8675
• BE-522: HashQL: Expand stdlib type system with temporal types #8674 👈 (View in Graphite)
• BE-306: HashQL: PostgreSQL translation #8526
• BE-457: HashQL: MIR execution pipeline extensions for postgres compilation #8525
• BE-456: HashQL: Entity type model enrichment and graph store query extensions #8524
• BE-429: HashQL: Add island dependency graph with data requirement resolution #8501
• BE-428: HashQL: Simplify traversal tracking to path recording #8498
• BE-434: HashQL: Refactor entity storage path resolution with centralized schema mapping #8496
• BE-427: Add hashql-macros crate with procedural macros for ID types and symbols #8495
• main

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[codspeed-hq]

Merging this PR will degrade performance by 16.4%

❌ 2 (👁 2) regressed benchmarks
✅ 78 untouched benchmarks

Performance Changes

	Benchmark	BASE	HEAD	Efficiency
👁	pattern_match_constant	180 ns	209.2 ns	-13.94%
👁	unique[100]	20 µs	24.6 µs	-18.79%

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_{Comparing bm/be-522-hashql-expand-stdlib-type-definitions (89ae7c2) with bm/be-306-hashql-postgres-translation (1faeb5c)}

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