Enhance: improve error messages across the codebase

[raywcm]

Summary

Improves error messages throughout the Safety CLI to be more descriptive, actionable, and user-friendly.

Changes

safety/errors.py — Core error classes (13 error types improved):

• Rewrote vague messages ("Unhandled exception happened" → "An unexpected Safety CLI error occurred")
• Added actionable guidance to network errors (proxy, SSL, timeout)
• Fixed bug in MalformedDatabase where info was computed twice and first assignment was lost

safety/config/proxy.py — Proxy config errors:

• Added source context ("(from CLI)", "(from config file)") to all ValueError messages
• Included actionable guidance referencing --proxy-host flag and config section

safety/output_utils.py — Output utility errors:

• Made JSON validation errors show the expected structure
• Show unsupported format values in error messages

Motivation

Clear and informative error messages are essential for good user experience. These changes help users understand what went wrong and how to fix it.

Closes #577

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